加州 · 太陽能權利法與戴維斯-斯特林法
業主協會無法投票否決的太陽能板。
安裝太陽能的權利不在《戴維斯-斯特林法》中，而在《太陽能權利法》中——即《加州民法典》中位置更靠前的兩個條文；《戴維斯-斯特林法》只是在其基礎上作出補充。這一點很重要，因為決定一項限制是否合法的數字規定在第714條中——把會員表決排除在外的那句話則在緊隨其後的第714.1條中。
條文 民法典 §§ 714, 714.1, 4746
相關法案 AB 2188 (2015) · AB 634 (2018)
收錄條文 3
條文核實 2026-11-03
§ 714(a)宣告，契據或其他影響不動產轉讓或出售的文書中的任何約定、條件或限制——以及管理文件中的任何條款——凡實際上禁止或限制安裝或使用太陽能系統的，均屬無效。其適用範圍不限於業主協會（HOA）；管理文件只是該款列舉的對象之一。
“合理限制”——附有價格
§ 714(b)保留了合理限制，宣佈推廣太陽能並消除其障礙是加州的政策，然後做了一件本站其他地方很少見到的事：它給形容詞定了數字。如果一項限制會大幅增加成本或大幅降低效率，即屬不合理，而§ 714(d)(1)對“大幅”作出了定義：
- 熱水與
泳池加熱超過系統成本的10%，但無論如何不超過1,000美元——或效率降低超過該款允許的程度。
- 光伏發電比最初指定和提議的系統成本高出不超過1,000美元的金額，或效率降低超過10%。
因此，對太陽能而言，關於某項建築條件是否合理的爭論，主要是一個算術問題。要求加裝遮擋、指定太陽能板顏色、要求改到背陰的坡面上安裝：算出費用，與系統成本相比，該條就給出了答案。
§ 714(c)保留了安全方面的要求——系統必須符合與《加州政府法典》第65850.5條一致的州和地方健康與安全標準，熱水系統必須經認可的認證機構認證，發電系統必須符合《加州電氣規範》（California Electrical Code）以及適用的IEEE和檢測實驗室標準。
協會仍然可以要求的事項
§ 714.1(a)允許協會訂立四項合理規定，讀過天線規則的人會覺得眼熟：在公共區域安裝系統須經批准；在他人所有的獨立產權單位上安裝須經批准；關於屋頂及其他建築構件維護、維修或更換的規定；以及要求安裝者就損失或損害向協會或其會員作出賠償或補償。
以及協會不得做的兩件事
§ 714.1(b)：協會不得制定一般性政策，禁止業主在其居住的建築物屋頂上，或在分配給其的相鄰車庫或車棚上，安裝供家庭使用的屋頂系統。(b)(2)還規定：協會不得就此類安裝要求經會員表決批准——包括第4600條規定的表決。本法規定的67%門檻被點名並按條號排除在外。
§ 4600(b)(3)(J)從另一個方向得出同樣的結論：它把為安裝太陽能系統而授予專用公共區域使用權的情形，排除在專用公共區域表決之外。兩條法律，都由2017年的同一項法案AB 634改寫，關上的是同一扇門——由此可見協會曾多麼頻繁地試圖從這扇門走過去。
一個屋頂服務多戶業主時
§ 4746是《戴維斯-斯特林法》這一層的規定，僅適用於由多戶業主共用的多戶住宅公共區域屋頂。協會必須要求兩件事：申請人通知該建築物內每一戶單元的業主；以及業主及其後每一任業主始終持有責任保險，並在獲批後14天內及此後每年提交保險證明。
§ 4746(b)(1)允許由持照承包商或具備相關知識的註冊銷售人員進行太陽能場地勘測，以確定屋頂的可用太陽能面積——而勘測費用明確不計入第714條所指的系統成本，因此不會計入上述1,000美元的數額。(B)目是讓鄰居之間得以相安的規定：勘測必須確定在共用同一屋頂、車庫或車棚的所有業主之間公平分配可用屋頂面積。
§ 4746(b)(2)接著將持續性的責任加在業主及其每一任繼受人身上——包括損害、維護、維修、更換、拆除後的恢復，以及向潛在買方披露該系統。
民法典 § 714 — 英文原文
Solar Energy Systems — Restrictions That Are Void
Amended by Stats. 2014, Ch. 521, Sec. 2. (AB 2188) Effective January 1, 2015.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)Any covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument affecting the transfer or sale of, or any interest in, real property, and any provision of a governing document, as defined in Section 4150 or 6552, that effectively prohibits or restricts the installation or use of a solar energy system is void and unenforceable.
(b)This section does not apply to provisions that impose reasonable restrictions on solar energy systems. However, it is the policy of the state to promote and encourage the use of solar energy systems and to remove obstacles thereto. Accordingly, reasonable restrictions on a solar energy system are those restrictions that do not significantly increase the cost of the system or significantly decrease its efficiency or specified performance, or that allow for an alternative system of comparable cost, efficiency, and energy conservation benefits.
(c)(1)A solar energy system shall meet applicable health and safety standards and requirements imposed by state and local permitting authorities, consistent with Section 65850.5 of the Government Code.
(c)(2)Solar energy systems used for heating water in single family residences and solar collectors used for heating water in commercial or swimming pool applications shall be certified by an accredited listing agency as defined in the Plumbing and Mechanical Codes.
(c)(3)A solar energy system for producing electricity shall also meet all applicable safety and performance standards established by the California Electrical Code, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and accredited testing laboratories such as Underwriters Laboratories and, where applicable, rules of the Public Utilities Commission regarding safety and reliability.
(d)For the purposes of this section:
(d)(1)(A)For solar domestic water heating systems or solar swimming pool heating systems that comply with state and federal law, “significantly” means an amount exceeding 10 percent of the cost of the system, but in no case more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or decreasing the efficiency of the solar energy system by an amount exceeding 10 percent, as originally specified and proposed.
(d)(1)(B)For photovoltaic systems that comply with state and federal law, “significantly” means an amount not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000) over the system cost as originally specified and proposed, or a decrease in system efficiency of an amount exceeding 10 percent as originally specified and proposed.
(d)(2)“Solar energy system” has the same meaning as defined in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 801.5.
(e)(1)Whenever approval is required for the installation or use of a solar energy system, the application for approval shall be processed and approved by the appropriate approving entity in the same manner as an application for approval of an architectural modification to the property, and shall not be willfully avoided or delayed.
(e)(2)For an approving entity that is an association, as defined in Section 4080 or 6528, and that is not a public entity, both of the following shall apply:
(e)(2)(A)The approval or denial of an application shall be in writing.
(e)(2)(B)If an application is not denied in writing within 45 days from the date of receipt of the application, the application shall be deemed approved, unless that delay is the result of a reasonable request for additional information.
(f)Any entity, other than a public entity, that willfully violates this section shall be liable to the applicant or other party for actual damages occasioned thereby, and shall pay a civil penalty to the applicant or other party in an amount not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000).
(g)In any action to enforce compliance with this section, the prevailing party shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees.
(h)(1)A public entity that fails to comply with this section may not receive funds from a state-sponsored grant or loan program for solar energy. A public entity shall certify its compliance with the requirements of this section when applying for funds from a state-sponsored grant or loan program.
(h)(2)A local public entity may not exempt residents in its jurisdiction from the requirements of this section.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/714.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 714.1 — 英文原文
What an Association May Still Require, and May Not
Amended by Stats. 2017, Ch. 818, Sec. 1. (AB 634) Effective January 1, 2018.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)Notwithstanding Section 714, an association may impose reasonable provisions that:
(a)(1)Restrict the installation of solar energy systems in common areas to those systems approved by the association.
(a)(2)Require the owner of a separate interest to obtain the approval of the association for the installation of a solar energy system in a separate interest owned by another.
(a)(3)Provide for the maintenance, repair, or replacement of roofs or other building components.
(a)(4)Require installers of solar energy systems to indemnify or reimburse the association or its members for loss or damage caused by the installation, maintenance, or use of the solar energy system.
(b)An association shall not:
(b)(1)Establish a general policy prohibiting the installation or use of a rooftop solar energy system for household purposes on the roof of the building in which the owner resides, or a garage or carport adjacent to the building that has been assigned to the owner for exclusive use.
(b)(2)Require approval by a vote of members owning separate interests in the common interest development, including that specified by Section 4600, for installation of a solar energy system for household purposes on the roof of the building in which the owner resides, or a garage or carport adjacent to the building that has been assigned to the owner for exclusive use. An action by an association that contravenes paragraph (1) or (2) shall be void and unenforceable.
(c)For purposes of this section:
(c)(1)“Association” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4080 or 6528.
(c)(2)“Common area” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4095 or 6532.
(c)(3)“Separate interest” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4185 or 6564.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/714.1.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4746 — 英文原文
Solar Energy Systems on a Shared Multifamily Common Area Roof
Added by Stats. 2017, Ch. 818, Sec. 3. (AB 634) Effective January 1, 2018.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)When reviewing a request to install a solar energy system on a multifamily common area roof shared by more than one homeowner pursuant to Sections 714 and 714.1, an association shall require both of the following:
(a)(1)An applicant to notify each owner of a unit in the building on which the installation will be located of the application to install a solar energy system.
(a)(2)The owner and each successive owner to maintain a homeowner liability coverage policy at all times and provide the association with the corresponding certificate of insurance within 14 days of approval of the application and annually thereafter.
(b)When reviewing a request to install a solar energy system on a multifamily common area roof shared by more than one homeowner pursuant to Sections 714 and 714.1, an association may impose additional reasonable provisions that:
(b)(1)(A)Require the applicant to submit a solar site survey showing the placement of the solar energy system prepared by a licensed contractor or the contractor’s registered salesperson knowledgeable in the installation of solar energy systems to determine usable solar roof area. This survey or the costs to determine useable space shall not be deemed as part of the cost of the system as used in Section 714.
(b)(1)(B)The solar site survey shall also include a determination of an equitable allocation of the usable solar roof area among all owners sharing the same roof, garage, or carport.
(b)(2)Require the owner and each successive owner of the solar energy system to be responsible for all of the following:
(b)(2)(A)Costs for damage to the common area, exclusive use common area, or separate interests resulting from the installation, maintenance, repair, removal, or replacement of the solar energy system.
(b)(2)(B)Costs for the maintenance, repair, and replacement of solar energy system until it has been removed and for the restoration of the common area, exclusive use common area, or separate interests after removal.
(b)(2)(C)Disclosing to prospective buyers the existence of any solar energy system of the owner and the related responsibilities of the owner under this section.
(c)For purposes of this section:
(c)(1)“Association” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4080 or 6528.
(c)(2)“Common area” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4095 or 6532.
(c)(3)“Separate interest” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4185 or 6564.
(d)This section imposes additional requirements for any proposed installation of a solar energy system on a multifamily common area roof shared by more than one homeowner.
(e)This section does not diminish the authority of an association to impose reasonable provisions pursuant to Section 714.1.
來源不一致。 The Legislative Counsel's database and California Public Law differ, and the text here follows the official database. The official text reads “Sections 714 and 714.1” where Public Law prints the singular “Section” before the same list of numbers — their citation linker rewriting the plural, not a difference in the statute. Both versions run to the same word count and nothing else differs.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4746.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。