加州 · 戴維斯-斯特林法
建築審查，以及必須先行存在的程序。
業主協會（HOA）可以要求會員在進行任何實體改動之前先取得批准。協會不能做的是：沒有書面程序就要求審批、不以書面形式作出決定，或者不予批准卻不說明如何申請複議。
條文 民法典 §§ 4760, 4765
章 第5章，財產使用與維護
收錄條文 2
條文核實 2026-11-03
會員無需申請即可做的事
《加州民法典》第4760條(a)(1)是基本規則：在遵守管理文件和適用法律的前提下，會員可以在其獨立產權單位的邊界之內進行任何改良或改動，只要不損害結構完整性或機電系統，也不削弱開發項目任何部分的支撐。
民法典第4760條(b)劃出了另一條邊界：獨立產權單位外觀的任何改變都必須遵守管理文件。在自己的邊界之內、外面看不見的改動是一回事；建築物朝向街道的外觀是另一回事。
無障礙改造適用更嚴格的標準
民法典第4760條(a)(2)允許會員自費改造獨立產權單位，以方便盲人、視障人士、聾人或肢體殘障人士出入，或改變對他們有危險的狀況——如果單元位於一樓或已有坡道或升降設備通達，還包括從公共通道到房門的路線。
改造方案須提交協會審查，而此處的標準有所不同。對於一般申請，協會不得不合理、武斷或任意。對於這類申請，民法典第4760條(a)(2)(D)規定協會無正當理由不得拒絕批准。負擔隨之轉移：拒絕能夠自圓其說已經不夠，必須有拒絕的理由。
作為交換，會員須滿足四項條件——工程必須符合建築規範；必須符合管理文件在安全和美觀方面的意圖；不得妨礙其他住戶的合理通行；任何外部設施在該單元不再由需要它的人居住時必須拆除。
程序必須存在，而且必須寫成書面
民法典第4765條(a)僅適用於管理文件要求取得協會批准的情形。在這種情形下，第4765條(a)(1)同時規定了四項要求，其中第三項和第四項最常被忽略：
- 程序必須公平、合理、迅速。
- 程序必須寫入管理文件——不是寫在手冊裡，不是委員會的慣例，也不是物業經理一貫的做法。
- 程序必須規定及時的期限。
- 程序必須寫明答覆申請的最長期限，以及答覆向董事會提出的複議請求的最長期限。
如果協會的管理文件要求審批，卻沒有這樣的程序，那麼這項審批要求並不符合其所受約束的條文。這一點值得在發生爭議之前、而不是在爭議之中核查。
決定
民法典第4765條(a)(2)：決定必須出於誠信，且不得不合理、武斷或任意。第4765條(a)(3)補充規定，即使管理文件另有相反規定，決定也不得違反任何適用法律——該條點名了《加州公平就業與住房法》（Fair Employment and Housing Act）、建築規範以及其他有關土地使用或公共安全的法律。CC&Rs（契約、條件與限制）不能授權作出法律所禁止的決定。
不予批准的決定必須包含兩部分
民法典第4765條(a)(4)：決定必須以書面形式作出；如果不批准改動，書面決定必須同時說明理由，並且說明由董事會複議的程序。一封只說明理由便到此為止的信，缺少了該條要求的一半內容——而缺少的這一半，恰恰是告訴會員該決定並非最終決定的部分。
複議，以及複議不是什麼
申請被拒絕時，申請人有權要求董事會在公開會議上進行復議——§ 4765(a)(5)。因此，申請複議不是與委員會私下溝通；複議在其他會員可以出席的場合進行，適用公開會議規則。
有一個例外，取決於最初由誰作出決定。如果決定是由董事會本身，或由成員與董事會相同的機構，在已經符合上述規則的會議上作出的，則無須再進行復議。會員第一次就已經得到了公開會議。
複議不等於爭議解決
第4765條(a)(5)的最後一句說得很明確：董事會的複議不構成第5905條所指的爭議解決。它既不滿足本法規定的內部爭議解決（IDR），也不會將其用盡。經過複議的會員仍然可以使用內部爭議解決途徑；協會如果把向委員會的申訴當作已經履行了第5905條規定的義務，這項義務其實並未履行。
沒人發送的通知
民法典第4765條(c)：協會必須每年向會員發出通知，說明實體改動的任何審批要求。通知必須說明哪些類型的改動需要批准，並附上審查這些改動所用程序的副本。這份通知應與其他年度披露一併提供，也是其中最常被遺漏的一項。
期限變成具體數字的地方
第4765條(a)(1)要求“及時的期限”，並由協會自行設定。對於一類申請，州議會現在已經替協會設定了期限：災後基本相同的重建，30個日曆日內確定申請是否完整，45天內作出決定，60天內處理完申訴；如果審批機構錯過第一個期限，申請即視為完整。見災後重建——並請注意，第4766條規定其申訴仍回到本條的程序處理。
民法典 § 4760 — 英文原文
Physical Changes a Member May Make
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)Subject to the governing documents and applicable law, a member may do the following:
(a)(1)Make any improvement or alteration within the boundaries of the member’s separate interest that does not impair the structural integrity or mechanical systems or lessen the support of any portions of the common interest development.
(a)(2)Modify the member’s separate interest, at the member’s expense, to facilitate access for persons who are blind, visually handicapped, deaf, or physically disabled, or to alter conditions which could be hazardous to these persons. These modifications may also include modifications of the route from the public way to the door of the separate interest for the purposes of this paragraph if the separate interest is on the ground floor or already accessible by an existing ramp or elevator. The right granted by this paragraph is subject to the following conditions:
(a)(2)(A)The modifications shall be consistent with applicable building code requirements.
(a)(2)(B)The modifications shall be consistent with the intent of otherwise applicable provisions of the governing documents pertaining to safety or aesthetics.
(a)(2)(C)Modifications external to the dwelling shall not prevent reasonable passage by other residents, and shall be removed by the member when the separate interest is no longer occupied by persons requiring those modifications who are blind, visually handicapped, deaf, or physically disabled.
(a)(2)(D)Any member who intends to modify a separate interest pursuant to this paragraph shall submit plans and specifications to the association for review to determine whether the modifications will comply with the provisions of this paragraph. The association shall not deny approval of the proposed modifications under this paragraph without good cause.
(b)Any change in the exterior appearance of a separate interest shall be in accordance with the governing documents and applicable provisions of law.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4760.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4765 — 英文原文
Architectural Review — Procedure, Decision and Appeal
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)This section applies if the governing documents require association approval before a member may make a physical change to the member’s separate interest or to the common area. In reviewing and approving or disapproving a proposed change, the association shall satisfy the following requirements:
(a)(1)The association shall provide a fair, reasonable, and expeditious procedure for making its decision. The procedure shall be included in the association’s governing documents. The procedure shall provide for prompt deadlines. The procedure shall state the maximum time for response to an application or a request for reconsideration by the board.
(a)(2)A decision on a proposed change shall be made in good faith and may not be unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious.
(a)(3)Notwithstanding a contrary provision of the governing documents, a decision on a proposed change may not violate any governing provision of law, including, but not limited to, the Fair Employment and Housing Act (Part 2.8 (commencing with Section 12900) of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code), or a building code or other applicable law governing land use or public safety.
(a)(4)A decision on a proposed change shall be in writing. If a proposed change is disapproved, the written decision shall include both an explanation of why the proposed change is disapproved and a description of the procedure for reconsideration of the decision by the board.
(a)(5)If a proposed change is disapproved, the applicant is entitled to reconsideration by the board, at an open meeting of the board. This paragraph does not require reconsideration of a decision that is made by the board or a body that has the same membership as the board, at a meeting that satisfies the requirements of Article 2 (commencing with Section 4900) of Chapter 6. Reconsideration by the board does not constitute dispute resolution within the meaning of Section 5905.
(b)Nothing in this section authorizes a physical change to the common area in a manner that is inconsistent with an association’s governing documents, unless the change is required by law.
(c)An association shall annually provide its members with notice of any requirements for association approval of physical changes to property. The notice shall describe the types of changes that require association approval and shall include a copy of the procedure used to review and approve or disapprove a proposed change.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4765.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。