加州民法典 §§ 4900–4955
董事會會議,以及選舉為什麼取決於它
啟動一場選舉的幾乎每一個步驟都是董事會的行動,而《公開會議法》(Open Meeting Act)規定,董事會根本不得在會議之外採取行動。通過選舉規則、任命選舉監察員、以自動當選(acclamation)方式產生董事——每一項都必須在經通知召開的會議上進行,並且列在載明該事項的議程上。
條文 民法典 §§ 4900, 4910, 4920, 4923, 4925, 4930, 4935, 4950, 4955
被引用於 § 5103(e) · § 4360(b)
生效 2014-01-01
條文核實 2026-11-03
為什麼選舉法網站要講這一節
本站其他地方有三項規定,把決定性的一步交給了這一節,然後就不再解釋:
- § 4360(b)——對擬議規則變更的決定應當在董事會會議上作出,且須在董事會考慮會員意見之後。選舉規則要麼在這裡通過,要麼就沒有通過。
- § 5103(e)——董事會在依照第2節(自第4900條起)召開的會議上表決以自動當選方式產生董事,議程事項必須列出每一位將當選的候選人的姓名。這裡點名的就是本節。
- § 5105——規則必須規定選舉監察員的選任方式。選任本身是董事會的行動,而《加州民法典》第4910條規定這類行動不能在會議之外進行。
完全沒有會場的會議
2023年由AB 648增訂的民法典第4926條允許董事會會議或會員大會完全以遠程會議方式召開,不為任何董事或會員保留實體會場——不論任何其他法律或管理文件如何規定。條件體現在通知和具體操作上:每一份通知都必須載明參會方式和操作說明,必須向任何提出要求的人提供參會的技術條件,會議必須讓會員能夠發言,而且在進行表決時,業主協會(HOA)必須逐一記錄每個人的投票。
請注意第4926條不適用的情形:計票的會議。選舉一節保留其自身的規則;選舉監察員依照民法典第5120條進行的現場計票,並不會被一條關於遠程會議的條文悄悄廢止。
以及聚集不安全時
民法典第5450條(SB 391,2021年)是緊急情況下的版本,而且僅適用於以下情形:由於開發項目所在地區受到聯邦災害聲明、州長依照《加州政府法典》第8625條宣佈的緊急狀態,或依照第8630條宣佈的地方緊急狀態的影響,當面聚集不安全或不可能——這與民法典第4752條採用的三種途徑相同。
在適用的情況下,董事會會議或會員大會同樣可以完全以遠程會議方式召開,不設實體會場。第5450條(b)(1)增加了一項一般條文所沒有的要求:針對某一緊急情況以這種方式召開的第一次會議,其通知必須以個別送達方式發出。
民法典 § 4900 — 英文原文
Short Title: Common Interest Development Open Meeting Act
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
This article shall be known and may be cited as the Common Interest Development Open Meeting Act.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4900.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4910 — 英文原文
Board Action Outside a Meeting Prohibited
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)The board shall not take action on any item of business outside of a board meeting.
(b)(1)Notwithstanding Section 7211 of the Corporations Code, the board shall not conduct a meeting via a series of electronic transmissions, including, but not limited to, electronic mail, except as specified in paragraph (2).
(b)(2)Electronic transmissions may be used as a method of conducting an emergency board meeting if all directors, individually or collectively, consent in writing to that action, and if the written consent or consents are filed with the minutes of the board meeting. These written consents may be transmitted electronically.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4910.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4920 — 英文原文
Notice of a Board Meeting
Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 183, Sec. 17. (SB 745) Effective January 1, 2014.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)Except as provided in subdivision (b), the association shall give notice of the time and place of a board meeting at least four days before the meeting.
(b)(1)If a board meeting is an emergency meeting held pursuant to Section 4923, the association is not required to give notice of the time and place of the meeting.
(b)(2)If a nonemergency board meeting is held solely in executive session, the association shall give notice of the time and place of the meeting at least two days prior to the meeting.
(b)(3)If the association’s governing documents require a longer period of notice than is required by this section, the association shall comply with the period stated in its governing documents. For the purposes of this paragraph, a governing document provision does not apply to a notice of an emergency meeting or a meeting held solely in executive session unless it specifically states that it applies to those types of meetings.
(c)Notice of a board meeting shall be given by general delivery pursuant to Section 4045.
(d)Notice of a board meeting shall contain the agenda for the meeting.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4920.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4923 — 英文原文
Emergency Board Meeting
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
An emergency board meeting may be called by the president of the association, or by any two directors other than the president, if there are circumstances that could not have been reasonably foreseen which require immediate attention and possible action by the board, and which of necessity make it impracticable to provide notice as required by Section 4920.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4923.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4925 — 英文原文
Member Attendance at Board Meetings
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)Any member may attend board meetings, except when the board adjourns to, or meets solely in, executive session. As specified in subdivision (b) of Section 4090, a member of the association shall be entitled to attend a teleconference meeting or the portion of a teleconference meeting that is open to members, and that meeting or portion of the meeting shall be audible to the members in a location specified in the notice of the meeting.
(b)The board shall permit any member to speak at any meeting of the association or the board, except for meetings of the board held in executive session. A reasonable time limit for all members of the association to speak to the board or before a meeting of the association shall be established by the board.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4925.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4926 — 英文原文
A Meeting Held Entirely by Teleconference
Added by Stats. 2023, Ch. 203, Sec. 3. (AB 648) Effective January 1, 2024.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)Notwithstanding any other law or the association’s governing documents, a board meeting or meeting of the members may be conducted entirely by teleconference, without any physical location being held open for the attendance of any director or member, if all of the following conditions are satisfied:
(a)(1)The notice for each meeting conducted under this section includes, in addition to other required content for meeting notices, all of the following:
(a)(1)(A)Clear technical instructions on how to participate by teleconference.
(a)(1)(B)The telephone number and electronic mail address of a person who can provide technical assistance with the teleconference process, both before and during the meeting.
(a)(1)(C)A reminder that a member may request individual delivery of meeting notices, with instructions on how to do so.
(a)(2)Every director and member has the same ability to participate in the meeting that would exist if the meeting were held in person.
(a)(3)Any vote of the directors shall be conducted by a roll call vote.
(a)(4)Any person who is entitled to participate in the meeting shall be given the option of participating by telephone.
(b)Subdivision (a) does not apply to a meeting at which ballots are counted and tabulated pursuant to Section 5120.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4926.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4930 — 英文原文
The Agenda: What a Board May Discuss and Act On
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)Except as described in subdivisions (b) to (e), inclusive, the board may not discuss or take action on any item at a nonemergency meeting unless the item was placed on the agenda included in the notice that was distributed pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 4920. This subdivision does not prohibit a member or resident who is not a director from speaking on issues not on the agenda.
(b)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), a director, a managing agent or other agent of the board, or a member of the staff of the board, may do any of the following:
(b)(1)Briefly respond to statements made or questions posed by a person speaking at a meeting as described in subdivision (b) of Section 4925.
(b)(2)Ask a question for clarification, make a brief announcement, or make a brief report on the person’s own activities, whether in response to questions posed by a member or based upon the person’s own initiative.
(c)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), the board or a director, subject to rules or procedures of the board, may do any of the following:
(c)(1)Provide a reference to, or provide other resources for factual information to, its managing agent or other agents or staff.
(c)(2)Request its managing agent or other agents or staff to report back to the board at a subsequent meeting concerning any matter, or take action to direct its managing agent or other agents or staff to place a matter of business on a future agenda.
(c)(3)Direct its managing agent or other agents or staff to perform administrative tasks that are necessary to carry out this section.
(d)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), the board may take action on any item of business not appearing on the agenda distributed pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 4920 under any of the following conditions:
(d)(1)Upon a determination made by a majority of the board present at the meeting that an emergency situation exists. An emergency situation exists if there are circumstances that could not have been reasonably foreseen by the board, that require immediate attention and possible action by the board, and that, of necessity, make it impracticable to provide notice.
(d)(2)Upon a determination made by the board by a vote of two-thirds of the directors present at the meeting, or, if less than two-thirds of total membership of the board is present at the meeting, by a unanimous vote of the directors present, that there is a need to take immediate action and that the need for action came to the attention of the board after the agenda was distributed pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 4920.
(d)(3)The item appeared on an agenda that was distributed pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 4920 for a prior meeting of the board that occurred not more than 30 calendar days before the date that action is taken on the item and, at the prior meeting, action on the item was continued to the meeting at which the action is taken.
(e)Before discussing any item pursuant to subdivision (d), the board shall openly identify the item to the members in attendance at the meeting.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4930.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4935 — 英文原文
Executive Session
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)The board may adjourn to, or meet solely in, executive session to consider litigation, matters relating to the formation of contracts with third parties, member discipline, personnel matters, or to meet with a member, upon the member’s request, regarding the member’s payment of assessments, as specified in Section 5665.
(b)The board shall adjourn to, or meet solely in, executive session to discuss member discipline, if requested by the member who is the subject of the discussion. That member shall be entitled to attend the executive session.
(c)The board shall adjourn to, or meet solely in, executive session to discuss a payment plan pursuant to Section 5665.
(d)The board shall adjourn to, or meet solely in, executive session to decide whether to foreclose on a lien pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 5705.
(e)Any matter discussed in executive session shall be generally noted in the minutes of the immediately following meeting that is open to the entire membership.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4935.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4950 — 英文原文
Minutes, and Their Availability to Members
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)The minutes, minutes proposed for adoption that are marked to indicate draft status, or a summary of the minutes, of any board meeting, other than an executive session, shall be available to members within 30 days of the meeting. The minutes, proposed minutes, or summary minutes shall be distributed to any member upon request and upon reimbursement of the association’s costs for making that distribution.
(b)The annual policy statement, prepared pursuant to Section 5310, shall inform the members of their right to obtain copies of board meeting minutes and of how and where to do so.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4950.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4955 — 英文原文
Member Action to Enforce the Open Meeting Requirements
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)A member of an association may bring a civil action for declaratory or equitable relief for a violation of this article by the association, including, but not limited to, injunctive relief, restitution, or a combination thereof, within one year of the date the cause of action accrues.
(b)A member who prevails in a civil action to enforce the member’s rights pursuant to this article shall be entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees and court costs, and the court may impose a civil penalty of up to five hundred dollars ($500) for each violation, except that each identical violation shall be subject to only one penalty if the violation affects each member equally. A prevailing association shall not recover any costs, unless the court finds the action to be frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4955.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 5450 — 英文原文
Meetings When Gathering in Person Is Unsafe
Added by Stats. 2021, Ch. 276, Sec. 2. (SB 391) Effective September 23, 2021.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)This section only applies to a common interest development if gathering in person is unsafe or impossible because the common interest development is in an area affected by one or more of the following conditions:
(a)(1)A state of disaster or emergency declared by the federal government.
(a)(2)A state of emergency proclaimed by the Governor under Section 8625 of the Government Code.
(a)(3)A local emergency proclaimed by a local governing body or official under Section 8630 of the Government Code.
(b)Notwithstanding any other law or the association’s governing documents, and except as provided in subdivision (d), a board meeting or meeting of the members may be conducted entirely by teleconference, without any physical location being held open for the attendance of any director or member, if all of the following conditions are satisfied:
(b)(1)Notice of the first meeting that is conducted under this section for a particular disaster or emergency affecting the association is delivered to members by individual delivery.
(b)(2)The notice for each meeting conducted under this section includes, in addition to other required content for meeting notices, all of the following:
(b)(2)(A)Clear technical instructions on how to participate by teleconference.
(b)(2)(B)The telephone number and electronic mail address of a person who can provide technical assistance with the teleconference process, both before and during the meeting.
(b)(2)(C)A reminder that a member may request individual delivery of meeting notices, with instructions on how to do so.
(b)(3)Every director and member has the same ability to participate in the meeting that would exist if the meeting were held in person.
(b)(4)Any vote of the directors shall be conducted by a roll call vote.
(b)(5)Any person who is entitled to participate in the meeting shall be given the option of participating by telephone.
(c)If, as a result of the disaster or emergency, mail delivery or retrieval is not possible at any association onsite address and the address on file with the association for that member is the same association onsite address, then the association shall send the notice of the first meeting referenced in paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) to any email address provided to the association by that member, in writing, pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)of subdivision (a) of Section 4040 or subdivision (b) of Section 4041.
(d)Subdivision (b) does not apply to a meeting at which ballots are counted and tabulated pursuant to Section 5120, unless both of the following conditions are met:
(d)(1)The meeting at which ballots are to be counted and tabulated is conducted by video conference.
(d)(2)The camera is placed in a location such that members can witness the inspector of elections counting and tabulating the votes.
(e)The remedies available pursuant to Section 4955 shall also be available to address violations of this section.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/5450.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
真正起作用的四項規定
§ 4910 — 不得在會議之外採取行動,不得輪流徵詢
董事會不得在董事會會議之外就任何事項採取行動,也不得通過一連串電子傳送的方式開會——唯一的狹窄例外是僅為協調會議時間而使用電子郵件。一個通過群發電子郵件敲定選舉監察員人選、之後再予以追認的董事會,並沒有任命選舉監察員;它製造了一個日期早於追認的瑕疵。
§ 4920 — 通知及其時間
一般通知至少在會議前四天發出;如果會議只開閉門會議(executive session),則至少提前兩天。通知必須寫明時間和地點。依照第4923條召開的緊急會議完全不需要通知,但它是為需要立即處理、且無法合理預見的情況而設的——而選舉日程按定義是可以預見的。
§ 4930 — 議程具有約束力
在非緊急會議上,董事會不得討論任何未列入通知中議程的事項,也不得就其採取行動。例外情形很狹窄,而且每一項都需要相應的認定:對會員發言作簡短回應、提出澄清性問題、將事項交由工作人員處理、將其安排到之後的會議,以及——董事會最愛用的那一項——議程張貼後才出現、且需要立即採取行動的事項,這需要三分之二的表決通過;如果出席的董事不足三分之二,則需要全體一致通過。
因此,議程上只寫“選舉”並不授權以自動當選方式產生董事。第5103條(e)要求該事項列出每一位候選人的姓名,而第4930條正是這項要求具有約束力的原因:不在議程上的事項,董事會就不得對其採取行動。
§ 4950 — 30天內提供會議紀要
會議紀要草稿必須在會議後30天內提供給會員,年度政策聲明必須說明提供方式。就選舉而言,會議紀要是記錄中顯示規則已經通過、選舉監察員已經任命、自動當選表決已經進行的地方——這正是一年後民法典第5145條會追問的部分。
另一項一年期訴訟,另有罰款
第4955條規定,會員可就違反本節的行為在訴因產生之日起一年內提起民事訴訟,勝訴的會員可獲得訴訟費用和律師費,且每項違法行為可處最高500美元的民事罰款。這項訴訟與第5145條並行,而不是包含在其中:一個在未經通知的會議上通過選舉規則的董事會,讓自己承擔了兩次風險——一次因為規則,一次因為會議。
閉門會議不是決定選舉事項的場合
第4935條列出了董事會可以在閉門會議中審議的事項:訴訟、與第三方的合約、會員紀律處分、人事、還款計劃,以及——經相關會員要求——紀律處分事項的聽證會。選舉程序不在這份清單上。一個在閉門會議中討論候選人資格的董事會,等於把一個事項從會員依照第4925條有權出席的會議中拿走了。
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