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加州民法典 §§ 4900–4955

董事会会议,以及选举为什么取决于它

启动一场选举的几乎每一个步骤都是董事会的行动,而《公开会议法》(Open Meeting Act)规定,董事会根本不得在会议之外采取行动。通过选举规则、任命选举监察员、以自动当选(acclamation)方式产生董事——每一项都必须在经通知召开的会议上进行,并且列在载明该事项的议程上。

条文 民法典 §§ 4900, 4910, 4920, 4923, 4925, 4930, 4935, 4950, 4955 被引用于 § 5103(e) · § 4360(b) 生效 2014-01-01 条文核实 2026-11-03

为什么选举法网站要讲这一节

本站其他地方有三项规定,把决定性的一步交给了这一节,然后就不再解释:

完全没有会场的会议

2023年由AB 648增订的民法典第4926条允许董事会会议或会员大会完全以远程会议方式召开,不为任何董事或会员保留实体会场——不论任何其他法律或管理文件如何规定。条件体现在通知和具体操作上:每一份通知都必须载明参会方式和操作说明,必须向任何提出要求的人提供参会的技术条件,会议必须让会员能够发言,而且在进行表决时,业主协会(HOA)必须逐一记录每个人的投票。

请注意第4926条不适用的情形:计票的会议。选举一节保留其自身的规则;选举监察员依照民法典第5120条进行的现场计票,并不会被一条关于远程会议的条文悄悄废止。

以及聚集不安全时

民法典第5450条(SB 391,2021年)是紧急情况下的版本,而且仅适用于以下情形:由于开发项目所在地区受到联邦灾害声明、州长依照《加州政府法典》第8625条宣布的紧急状态,或依照第8630条宣布的地方紧急状态的影响,当面聚集不安全或不可能——这与民法典第4752条采用的三种途径相同。

在适用的情况下,董事会会议或会员大会同样可以完全以远程会议方式召开,不设实体会场。第5450条(b)(1)增加了一项一般条文所没有的要求:针对某一紧急情况以这种方式召开的第一次会议,其通知必须以个别送达方式发出。

民法典 § 4900 — 英文原文

Short Title: Common Interest Development Open Meeting Act
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

This article shall be known and may be cited as the Common Interest Development Open Meeting Act.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4900.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4910 — 英文原文

Board Action Outside a Meeting Prohibited
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)The board shall not take action on any item of business outside of a board meeting.
(b)(1)Notwithstanding Section 7211 of the Corporations Code, the board shall not conduct a meeting via a series of electronic transmissions, including, but not limited to, electronic mail, except as specified in paragraph (2).
(b)(2)Electronic transmissions may be used as a method of conducting an emergency board meeting if all directors, individually or collectively, consent in writing to that action, and if the written consent or consents are filed with the minutes of the board meeting. These written consents may be transmitted electronically.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4910.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4920 — 英文原文

Notice of a Board Meeting
Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 183, Sec. 17. (SB 745) Effective January 1, 2014.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Except as provided in subdivision (b), the association shall give notice of the time and place of a board meeting at least four days before the meeting.
(b)(1)If a board meeting is an emergency meeting held pursuant to Section 4923, the association is not required to give notice of the time and place of the meeting.
(b)(2)If a nonemergency board meeting is held solely in executive session, the association shall give notice of the time and place of the meeting at least two days prior to the meeting.
(b)(3)If the association’s governing documents require a longer period of notice than is required by this section, the association shall comply with the period stated in its governing documents. For the purposes of this paragraph, a governing document provision does not apply to a notice of an emergency meeting or a meeting held solely in executive session unless it specifically states that it applies to those types of meetings.
(c)Notice of a board meeting shall be given by general delivery pursuant to Section 4045.
(d)Notice of a board meeting shall contain the agenda for the meeting.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4920.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4923 — 英文原文

Emergency Board Meeting
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

An emergency board meeting may be called by the president of the association, or by any two directors other than the president, if there are circumstances that could not have been reasonably foreseen which require immediate attention and possible action by the board, and which of necessity make it impracticable to provide notice as required by Section 4920.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4923.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4925 — 英文原文

Member Attendance at Board Meetings
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Any member may attend board meetings, except when the board adjourns to, or meets solely in, executive session. As specified in subdivision (b) of Section 4090, a member of the association shall be entitled to attend a teleconference meeting or the portion of a teleconference meeting that is open to members, and that meeting or portion of the meeting shall be audible to the members in a location specified in the notice of the meeting.
(b)The board shall permit any member to speak at any meeting of the association or the board, except for meetings of the board held in executive session. A reasonable time limit for all members of the association to speak to the board or before a meeting of the association shall be established by the board.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4925.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4926 — 英文原文

A Meeting Held Entirely by Teleconference
Added by Stats. 2023, Ch. 203, Sec. 3. (AB 648) Effective January 1, 2024.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Notwithstanding any other law or the association’s governing documents, a board meeting or meeting of the members may be conducted entirely by teleconference, without any physical location being held open for the attendance of any director or member, if all of the following conditions are satisfied:
(a)(1)The notice for each meeting conducted under this section includes, in addition to other required content for meeting notices, all of the following:
(a)(1)(A)Clear technical instructions on how to participate by teleconference.
(a)(1)(B)The telephone number and electronic mail address of a person who can provide technical assistance with the teleconference process, both before and during the meeting.
(a)(1)(C)A reminder that a member may request individual delivery of meeting notices, with instructions on how to do so.
(a)(2)Every director and member has the same ability to participate in the meeting that would exist if the meeting were held in person.
(a)(3)Any vote of the directors shall be conducted by a roll call vote.
(a)(4)Any person who is entitled to participate in the meeting shall be given the option of participating by telephone.
(b)Subdivision (a) does not apply to a meeting at which ballots are counted and tabulated pursuant to Section 5120.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4926.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4930 — 英文原文

The Agenda: What a Board May Discuss and Act On
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Except as described in subdivisions (b) to (e), inclusive, the board may not discuss or take action on any item at a nonemergency meeting unless the item was placed on the agenda included in the notice that was distributed pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 4920. This subdivision does not prohibit a member or resident who is not a director from speaking on issues not on the agenda.
(b)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), a director, a managing agent or other agent of the board, or a member of the staff of the board, may do any of the following:
(b)(1)Briefly respond to statements made or questions posed by a person speaking at a meeting as described in subdivision (b) of Section 4925.
(b)(2)Ask a question for clarification, make a brief announcement, or make a brief report on the person’s own activities, whether in response to questions posed by a member or based upon the person’s own initiative.
(c)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), the board or a director, subject to rules or procedures of the board, may do any of the following:
(c)(1)Provide a reference to, or provide other resources for factual information to, its managing agent or other agents or staff.
(c)(2)Request its managing agent or other agents or staff to report back to the board at a subsequent meeting concerning any matter, or take action to direct its managing agent or other agents or staff to place a matter of business on a future agenda.
(c)(3)Direct its managing agent or other agents or staff to perform administrative tasks that are necessary to carry out this section.
(d)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), the board may take action on any item of business not appearing on the agenda distributed pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 4920 under any of the following conditions:
(d)(1)Upon a determination made by a majority of the board present at the meeting that an emergency situation exists. An emergency situation exists if there are circumstances that could not have been reasonably foreseen by the board, that require immediate attention and possible action by the board, and that, of necessity, make it impracticable to provide notice.
(d)(2)Upon a determination made by the board by a vote of two-thirds of the directors present at the meeting, or, if less than two-thirds of total membership of the board is present at the meeting, by a unanimous vote of the directors present, that there is a need to take immediate action and that the need for action came to the attention of the board after the agenda was distributed pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 4920.
(d)(3)The item appeared on an agenda that was distributed pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 4920 for a prior meeting of the board that occurred not more than 30 calendar days before the date that action is taken on the item and, at the prior meeting, action on the item was continued to the meeting at which the action is taken.
(e)Before discussing any item pursuant to subdivision (d), the board shall openly identify the item to the members in attendance at the meeting.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4930.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4935 — 英文原文

Executive Session
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)The board may adjourn to, or meet solely in, executive session to consider litigation, matters relating to the formation of contracts with third parties, member discipline, personnel matters, or to meet with a member, upon the member’s request, regarding the member’s payment of assessments, as specified in Section 5665.
(b)The board shall adjourn to, or meet solely in, executive session to discuss member discipline, if requested by the member who is the subject of the discussion. That member shall be entitled to attend the executive session.
(c)The board shall adjourn to, or meet solely in, executive session to discuss a payment plan pursuant to Section 5665.
(d)The board shall adjourn to, or meet solely in, executive session to decide whether to foreclose on a lien pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 5705.
(e)Any matter discussed in executive session shall be generally noted in the minutes of the immediately following meeting that is open to the entire membership.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4935.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4950 — 英文原文

Minutes, and Their Availability to Members
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)The minutes, minutes proposed for adoption that are marked to indicate draft status, or a summary of the minutes, of any board meeting, other than an executive session, shall be available to members within 30 days of the meeting. The minutes, proposed minutes, or summary minutes shall be distributed to any member upon request and upon reimbursement of the association’s costs for making that distribution.
(b)The annual policy statement, prepared pursuant to Section 5310, shall inform the members of their right to obtain copies of board meeting minutes and of how and where to do so.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4950.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4955 — 英文原文

Member Action to Enforce the Open Meeting Requirements
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)A member of an association may bring a civil action for declaratory or equitable relief for a violation of this article by the association, including, but not limited to, injunctive relief, restitution, or a combination thereof, within one year of the date the cause of action accrues.
(b)A member who prevails in a civil action to enforce the member’s rights pursuant to this article shall be entitled to reasonable attorney’s fees and court costs, and the court may impose a civil penalty of up to five hundred dollars ($500) for each violation, except that each identical violation shall be subject to only one penalty if the violation affects each member equally. A prevailing association shall not recover any costs, unless the court finds the action to be frivolous, unreasonable, or without foundation.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4955.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 5450 — 英文原文

Meetings When Gathering in Person Is Unsafe
Added by Stats. 2021, Ch. 276, Sec. 2. (SB 391) Effective September 23, 2021.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)This section only applies to a common interest development if gathering in person is unsafe or impossible because the common interest development is in an area affected by one or more of the following conditions:
(a)(1)A state of disaster or emergency declared by the federal government.
(a)(2)A state of emergency proclaimed by the Governor under Section 8625 of the Government Code.
(a)(3)A local emergency proclaimed by a local governing body or official under Section 8630 of the Government Code.
(b)Notwithstanding any other law or the association’s governing documents, and except as provided in subdivision (d), a board meeting or meeting of the members may be conducted entirely by teleconference, without any physical location being held open for the attendance of any director or member, if all of the following conditions are satisfied:
(b)(1)Notice of the first meeting that is conducted under this section for a particular disaster or emergency affecting the association is delivered to members by individual delivery.
(b)(2)The notice for each meeting conducted under this section includes, in addition to other required content for meeting notices, all of the following:
(b)(2)(A)Clear technical instructions on how to participate by teleconference.
(b)(2)(B)The telephone number and electronic mail address of a person who can provide technical assistance with the teleconference process, both before and during the meeting.
(b)(2)(C)A reminder that a member may request individual delivery of meeting notices, with instructions on how to do so.
(b)(3)Every director and member has the same ability to participate in the meeting that would exist if the meeting were held in person.
(b)(4)Any vote of the directors shall be conducted by a roll call vote.
(b)(5)Any person who is entitled to participate in the meeting shall be given the option of participating by telephone.
(c)If, as a result of the disaster or emergency, mail delivery or retrieval is not possible at any association onsite address and the address on file with the association for that member is the same association onsite address, then the association shall send the notice of the first meeting referenced in paragraph (1) of subdivision (b) to any email address provided to the association by that member, in writing, pursuant to paragraph
(c)(2)of subdivision (a) of Section 4040 or subdivision (b) of Section 4041.
(d)Subdivision (b) does not apply to a meeting at which ballots are counted and tabulated pursuant to Section 5120, unless both of the following conditions are met:
(d)(1)The meeting at which ballots are to be counted and tabulated is conducted by video conference.
(d)(2)The camera is placed in a location such that members can witness the inspector of elections counting and tabulating the votes.
(e)The remedies available pursuant to Section 4955 shall also be available to address violations of this section.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/5450.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

真正起作用的四项规定

§ 4910 — 不得在会议之外采取行动,不得轮流征询

董事会不得在董事会会议之外就任何事项采取行动,也不得通过一连串电子传送的方式开会——唯一的狭窄例外是仅为协调会议时间而使用电子邮件。一个通过群发电子邮件敲定选举监察员人选、之后再予以追认的董事会,并没有任命选举监察员;它制造了一个日期早于追认的瑕疵。

§ 4920 — 通知及其时间

一般通知至少在会议前四天发出;如果会议只开闭门会议(executive session),则至少提前两天。通知必须写明时间和地点。依照第4923条召开的紧急会议完全不需要通知,但它是为需要立即处理、且无法合理预见的情况而设的——而选举日程按定义是可以预见的。

§ 4930 — 议程具有约束力

在非紧急会议上,董事会不得讨论任何未列入通知中议程的事项,也不得就其采取行动。例外情形很狭窄,而且每一项都需要相应的认定:对会员发言作简短回应、提出澄清性问题、将事项交由工作人员处理、将其安排到之后的会议,以及——董事会最爱用的那一项——议程张贴后才出现、且需要立即采取行动的事项,这需要三分之二的表决通过;如果出席的董事不足三分之二,则需要全体一致通过。

因此,议程上只写“选举”并不授权以自动当选方式产生董事。第5103条(e)要求该事项列出每一位候选人的姓名,而第4930条正是这项要求具有约束力的原因:不在议程上的事项,董事会就不得对其采取行动。

§ 4950 — 30天内提供会议纪要

会议纪要草稿必须在会议后30天内提供给会员,年度政策声明必须说明提供方式。就选举而言,会议纪要是记录中显示规则已经通过、选举监察员已经任命、自动当选表决已经进行的地方——这正是一年后民法典第5145条会追问的部分。

另一项一年期诉讼,另有罚款

第4955条规定,会员可就违反本节的行为在诉因产生之日起一年内提起民事诉讼,胜诉的会员可获得诉讼费用和律师费,且每项违法行为可处最高500美元的民事罚款。这项诉讼与第5145条并行,而不是包含在其中:一个在未经通知的会议上通过选举规则的董事会,让自己承担了两次风险——一次因为规则,一次因为会议。

闭门会议不是决定选举事项的场合

第4935条列出了董事会可以在闭门会议中审议的事项:诉讼、与第三方的合约、会员纪律处分、人事、还款计划,以及——经相关会员要求——纪律处分事项的听证会。选举程序不在这份清单上。一个在闭门会议中讨论候选人资格的董事会,等于把一个事项从会员依照第4925条有权出席的会议中拿走了。

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