加州民法典 §§ 5100、5120
无记名投票与计票
董事选举以及业主协会（HOA）的其他若干事项，必须以无记名投票决定。在计票的时间和地点到来之前，任何人都不得开启或查看选票——也不得查看计票表。系统出问题的，正是后半句。
民法典 § 5100 — 英文原文
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
本条的历史版本
通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号，因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题：民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举，适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文，而不是今天的条文。
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AB 5022022-01-01起生效
Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 517, Sec. 1. (AB 502) Effective January 1, 2022.
13处分项修改
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- (g)
Notwithstanding the secret balloting requirement in subdivision (a), when, as of the close of nominations for directors on the board, the number of director nominees is not more than the number of vacancies to be elected, as determined by the inspector or inspectors of the elections, the director nominees shall be considered elected by acclamation if all of the following are true: - (g)(1)
The association includes 6,000 or more units. - (g)(2)
The association provided individual notice of the election and the procedure for nominating candidates at least 30 days before the close of nominations. - (g)(3)
The association permits all candidates to run if nominated, except as follows: - (g)(3)(A)
An association shall disqualify a person from nomination as a candidate if the person is not a member of the association at the time of the nomination. This subdivision does not restrict a developer from making a nomination of a nonmember candidate consistent with the voting power of the developer, as set forth in the regulations of the Department of Real Estate and the association’s governing documents. - (g)(3)(B)
Through its bylaws or election operating rules adopted pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 5105 only, an association may disqualify a person from nomination as a candidate based on any of the following: - (g)(3)(B)(i)
An association may disqualify a nominee if that person discloses, or if the association is aware or becomes aware of, a past criminal conviction that would either prevent the association from purchasing the fidelity bond coverage required by Section 5806 should the person be elected or terminate the association’s existing fidelity bond coverage as to that person should the person be elected. - (g)(3)(B)(ii)
Failure to be current in the payment of regular and special assessments, which are consumer debts subject to validation. If an association requires a nominee to be current in the payment of regular and special assessments, it shall also require a director to be current in the payment of regular and special assessments. An association may not disqualify a nominee for nonpayment of fines, fines renamed as assessments, collection charges, … - (g)(3)(I)
The nominee has paid the regular assessment or special assessment under protest pursuant to Section 5658. - (g)(3)(I)(II)
The nominee has entered into a payment plan pursuant to Section 5665. - (g)(3)(I)(III)
The nominee has not been provided the opportunity to engage in internal dispute resolution pursuant to Article 2 (commencing with Section 5900) of Chapter 10. - (g)(3)(I)(III)(iii)
If the person, if elected, would be serving on the board at the same time as another person who holds a joint ownership interest in the same separate interest parcel as the person and the other person is either properly nominated for the current election or an incumbent director. - (g)(3)(I)(III)(iv)
If that person has been a member of the association for less than one year.
- (g)
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SB 7542020-01-01起生效
Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 858, Sec. 1.1. (SB 754) Effective January 1, 2020.
15处分项修改 · SB 323、SB 754的合并结果
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- (a)(1)Notwithstanding any other law or provision of the governing documents, elections regarding assessments legally requiring a vote, election and removal of directors, amendments to the governing documents, or the grant of exclusive use of common area pursuant to Section 4600 shall be held by secret ballot in accordance with the procedures set forth in this article.
- (a)(2)An association shall hold an election for a seat on the board of directors in accordance with the procedures set forth in this article at the expiration of the corresponding director’s term and at least once every four years.
- (g)Notwithstanding the secret balloting requirement in subdivision (a), when, as of the close of nominations for directors on the board, the number of director nominees is not more than the number of vacancies to be elected, as determined by the inspector or inspectors of the elections, the director nominees shall be considered elected by acclamation if all of the following are true:
- (g)(1)The association includes 6,000 or more units.
- (g)(2)The association provided individual notice of the election and the procedure for nominating candidates at least 30 days before the close of nominations.
- (g)(3)The association permits all candidates to run if nominated, except as follows:
- (g)(3)(A)An association shall disqualify a person from nomination as a candidate if the person is not a member of the association at the time of the nomination. This subdivision does not restrict a developer from making a nomination of a nonmember candidate consistent with the voting power of the developer, as set forth in the regulations of the Department of Real Estate and the association’s governing documents.
- (g)(3)(B)Through its bylaws or election operating rules adopted pursuant to subdivision (a) of Section 5105 only, an association may disqualify a person from nomination as a candidate based on any of the following:
- (g)(3)(B)(i)An association may disqualify a nominee if that person discloses, or if the association is aware or becomes aware of, a past criminal conviction that would either prevent the association from purchasing the fidelity bond coverage required by Section 5806 should the person be elected or terminate the association’s existing fidelity bond coverage as to that person should the person be elected.
- (g)(3)(B)(ii)Failure to be current in the payment of regular and special assessments, which are consumer debts subject to validation. If an association requires a nominee to be current in the payment of regular and special assessments, it shall also require a director to be current in the payment of regular and special assessments. An association may not disqualify a nominee for nonpayment of fines, fines renamed as assessments, collection charges, …
- (g)(3)(I)The nominee has paid the regular assessment or special assessment under protest pursuant to Section 5658.
- (g)(3)(I)(II)The nominee has entered into a payment plan pursuant to Section 5665.
- (g)(3)(I)(III)The nominee has not been provided the opportunity to engage in internal dispute resolution pursuant to Article 2 (commencing with Section 5900) of Chapter 10.
- (g)(3)(I)(III)(iii)If the person, if elected, would be serving on the board at the same time as another person who holds a joint ownership interest in the same separate interest parcel as the person and the other person is either properly nominated for the current election or an incumbent director.
- (g)(3)(I)(III)(iv)If that person has been a member of the association for less than one year.
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AB 5692015-01-01起生效
Amended by Stats. 2014, Ch. 661, Sec. 4. Effective January 1, 2015.
1处分项修改
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- (f)Directors shall not be required to be elected pursuant to this article if the governing documents provide that one member from each separate interest is a director.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/5100.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5120 — 英文原文
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
本条的历史版本
通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号，因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题：民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举，适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文，而不是今天的条文。
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AB 21592025-01-01起生效
Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 383, Sec. 4. (AB 2159) Effective January 1, 2025.
2处分项修改
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- (a)… elections, or the designee of the inspector or inspectors of elections, in public at a properly … the counting and tabulation of the votes.
NoA person, including a member of the association or an employee of the management company, shall not open or otherwise review any ballotprior tobefore the time and place at which the ballots are counted and tabulated. The inspector or inspectors of elections, or the designee of the inspector or inspectors of elections, may verify the member’s information … secret ballot is received by the inspector or inspectors of elections, it shall be irrevocable. - (c)A person, including a member of the association or an employee of the management company, shall not open or otherwise review any tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballots before the time and place at which the ballots are counted and tabulated.
- (a)… elections, or the designee of the inspector or inspectors of elections, in public at a properly … the counting and tabulation of the votes.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/5120.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。
什么必须保密，对谁保密
这项要求并不是说协会在公布结果之前要对结果保密，而是说：会员与其选票内容之间的关联，在任何时候都不能为任何无权知悉的人所获取——包括董事会，包括物业经理，也包括操作软件的人。
《加州民法典》第5100条规定了哪些事项必须采用无记名投票。董事选举是显而易见的情形；管理文件的修订、会费表决以及授予公共区域专用权，是大多数协会会遇到的其他情形。在该条适用的情况下，保密是结构性的，而不是程序性的：您不能靠一项“大家不会去看”的政策来满足这一要求。
双层信封如何做到保密
纸本方式把必须分开的两样东西分开。会员填好选票，将其封入无标记的内信封。内信封再放入外信封，外信封由会员签名并标明其单元。
计票时，监察员先处理外信封——核查投票资格、在选民名册上登记、处理重复投票——然后才把外信封与密封的内信封分开；内信封在任何一个被开启之前，都会先被混在一起。投票资格由一件物品确认，选票由另一件物品承载，两者从不在同一时刻落在同一人手中。
电子方式的对应做法是同一个思路，只是更难
民法典第5110条(c)(4)(B)要求电子系统将识别资料与选票永久分离，“使选票不可能与特定会员联系起来”——同时还要向该会员发送回执，证明其选票已经投出。这两项要求相互牵制，必须一并设计。一个保存了关联、再把它藏在某项权限后面的系统，两项要求都没有满足。
计票表同样受到保护
民法典第5120条禁止在计票的时间和地点之前开启或查看选票或计票表。后一个名词起了大部分作用，却经常被忽视。
这意味着在投票进行期间，协会不得查看即时计票。董事会不行，物业经理不行，仪表板也不行。道理一说就明白：如果主持选举的人能够看到票数差距，他们就能决定要多努力去争取剩余的选票，以及向谁争取。
即时显示法定人数没有问题。即时显示结果则不行。
这是设计时必须把握的区别，而几乎没有人把它讲清楚。
有多少人已经投票是投票率数据。它不是计票表，不会透露任何人的选择，即时追踪它既合法又必要——在大多数协会，操作上的难题全在于能否达到法定人数。按投票渠道、按单元、按投票权重统计的人数，以及对照通过门槛的进度条：都没有问题。
他们怎么投的就是计票结果。在计票之前把它展示出来——无论展示给谁——正是第5120条所禁止的。一个在投票期间向管理员提供结果预览的平台，提供的不是一项功能，而是一个缺陷；民法典第5145条会把它视为一项违法行为，协会随后必须证明其无害。
实践中出错的地方
- 管理员预览。至少有一个被广泛使用的社区平台明确说明，物业经理和获授权人员可以在会议之前看到提交的内容。无论这有什么用处，它都与举行无记名投票不相容。
- 提前计算某一渠道的选票。在电子投票尚未截止时就拆开纸本选票——为了“提前把工作做掉”——即使没有公布任何结果，也是违反第5120条的问题。见混合选举。
- 调试权限。能在资料库中读取选票内容的技术支持工程师，就是一个能在计票前查看选票的人。分离必须是真实的，而不能只靠操作纪律。
- 导出。一份把会员姓名与其选择对应起来的电子表格，无论出于什么原因生成，都正是法条要防止的东西——而且它往往会在选举结束很久以后仍留在各人的收件箱里。
计票本身
选票在事先公布的时间和地点计票，会员有权到场观察。计票由监察员主持，而不是董事会。观察并不是一种礼遇——它是使结果站得住脚的一部分，因为它产生了不受雇于协会的程序见证人。
计票完成后，这些材料就成为须保存并供查阅的记录，此时便由民法典第5125条和第5200条接手。
保密在选举结束后依然有效
会员事后查阅选举材料的权利，并不会让选票重新变成一张谁投了什么的对照图。保存下来的记录必须让人能够核验计票，却无法还原个人的选择——这一特性，系统要么从一开始就具备，要么日后再也无法补上。
相关内容
- § 5110——监察员，以及电子投票的五项技术要求。
- § 5130——委托书，以及为什么保密不会经由委托书传递。
- § 5145——选举受到质疑时，保密缺陷的代价。
- 混合选举——为什么对某一渠道的部分计票会破坏这一点。
- 公司法典 §§ 7513、7615——不开会的书面选票，以及为什么§ 5100仍然适用于它们。