quoroom.org 查找选举监察员

加州公司法典 §§ 7513、7615

不开会的书面选票表决

大多数业主协会（HOA）同时也是非营利互益法人，这意味着还有第二套法律规范会员如何行事。这套法律允许完全以书面选票进行表决，根本不开会——但要受制于常让协会出错的计算规则，以及一项绝对禁止。

条文 公司法典 § 7513 · § 7615 适用于 以非营利互益法人形式设立的协会 生效 § 7513自2005-01-01起生效 · § 7615来源未注明生效日期 条文核实 2026-11-03

业主协会选举还会遇到的另外三条公司法条文

《加州公司法典》第7512条(a)提供了一个没人引用的预设规则：除非章程另有规定，亲自出席或由代理出席的三分之一投票权重即构成会员大会的法定人数——而提高法定人数的章程修订，只有经会员批准才能通过。《戴维斯-斯特林法》在《加州民法典》第5115条中的规定是叠加在这一规则之上的，而不是取而代之。

(c)款是常让董事会出错的一款：一旦达到法定人数，即使有足够多的会员离场导致人数不足，会议仍可继续处理事务——但前提是所采取的任何行动，须获得至少构成该法定人数所需会员人数的过半数批准。而(e)款直接针对共同利益开发项目（common interest development），涉及在未达到管理文件所要求的法定人数时，董事选举的延期问题。

公司法典第7613条是《戴维斯-斯特林法》自身的民法典第5130条所依托的委托书法条——规定委托书必须采取的形式、何时撤销，以及除非委托书另有说明，其有效期为十一个月，最长不超过三年。在选举问题上，如果第5130条与第7613条的规定不一致，第5100条(e)规定以选举一节为准。

候选人要求取得的会员名单

公司法典第8330条才是会员名单权利的真正来源。会员可以为与其会员利益合理相关的目的，查阅并复制会员姓名、地址和投票权的记录——但须遵守第8331条和第8332条，并且除非法人提供合理的替代方式。这种替代方式，就是协会提出代您寄发邮件，而不是把名单交给您；它是大多数竞选纠纷的关键。请与民法典第5225条一并阅读，该条是《戴维斯-斯特林法》对同一问题的规定。

公司法典 § 7512 — 英文原文

Quorum at a Members' Meeting
Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 401, Sec. 2. (AB 2460) Effective January 1, 2025.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)One-third of the voting power, represented in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of members, but, subject to subdivisions (b) and (c), a bylaw may set a different quorum. Any bylaw amendment to increase the quorum may be adopted only by approval of the members (Section 5034). If a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the majority of the voting power represented at the meeting, entitled to vote, and voting on any matter shall be the act of the members unless the vote of a greater number or voting by classes is required by this part or the articles or bylaws.
(b)Where a bylaw authorizes a corporation to conduct a meeting with a quorum of less than one-third of the voting power, then the only matters that may be voted upon at any regular meeting actually attended, in person or by proxy, by less than one-third of the voting power are matters notice of the general nature of which was given, pursuant to the first sentence of subdivision (a) of Section 7511.
(c)Subject to subdivision (b), the members present at a duly called or held meeting at which a quorum is present may continue to transact business until adjournment notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough members to leave less than a quorum, if any action taken (other than adjournment) is approved by at least a majority of the members required to constitute a quorum or, if required by this division, or by the articles or the bylaws, the vote of the greater number or voting by classes.
(d)In the absence of a quorum, any meeting of members may be adjourned from time to time by the vote of a majority of the votes represented either in person or by proxy, but no other business may be transacted, except as provided in subdivision (c).
(e)For an election of directors of a corporation that is a common interest development, and in the absence of meeting quorum as required by the association’s governing documents or this section, unless a lower quorum for a reconvened meeting is authorized by an association’s governing documents, the corporation may adjourn the meeting to a date at least 20 days after the adjourned meeting, at which time the quorum required for purposes of a reconvened meeting to elect directors shall be 20 percent of the association’s members, voting in person, by proxy, or by secret ballot.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/7512.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

公司法典 § 7513 — 英文原文

Action by Written Ballot Without a Meeting
Amended by Stats. 2004, Ch. 254, Sec. 26. Effective January 1, 2005.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)Subject to subdivision (e), and unless prohibited in the articles or bylaws, any action which may be taken at any regular or special meeting of members may be taken without a meeting if the corporation distributes a written ballot to every member entitled to vote on the matter. Unless otherwise provided by the articles or bylaws and if approved by the board of directors, that ballot and any related material may be sent by electronic transmission by the corporation (Section 20) and responses may be returned to the corporation by electronic transmission to the corporation (Section 21). That ballot shall set forth the proposed action, provide an opportunity to specify approval or disapproval of any proposal, and provide a reasonable time within which to return the ballot to the corporation.
(b)Approval by written ballot pursuant to this section shall be valid only when the number of votes cast by ballot within the time period specified equals or exceeds the quorum required to be present at a meeting authorizing the action, and the number of approvals equals or exceeds the number of votes that would be required to approve at a meeting at which the total number of votes cast was the same as the number of votes cast by ballot.
(c)Ballots shall be solicited in a manner consistent with the requirements of subdivision (b) of Section 7511 and Section 7514. All such solicitations shall indicate the number of responses needed to meet the quorum requirement and, with respect to ballots other than for the election of directors, shall state the percentage of approvals necessary to pass the measure submitted. The solicitation must specify the time by which the ballot must be received in order to be counted.
(d)Unless otherwise provided in the articles or bylaws, a written ballot may not be revoked.
(e)Directors may be elected by written ballot under this section, where authorized by the articles or bylaws, except that election by written ballot may not be authorized where the directors are elected by cumulative voting pursuant to Section 7615.
(f)When directors are to be elected by written ballot and the articles or bylaws prescribe a nomination procedure, the procedure may provide for a date for the close of nominations prior to the printing and distributing of the written ballots.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL, lawCode=CORP) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/7513.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

公司法典 § 7613 — 英文原文

Proxies — Form, Revocation and Term
Amended by Stats. 1981, Ch. 587, Sec. 37.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)Any member may authorize another person or persons to act by proxy with respect to such membership except that this right may be limited or withdrawn by the articles or bylaws, subject to subdivision (f). Any proxy purported to be executed in accordance with the provisions of this part shall be presumptively valid.
(b)No proxy shall be valid after the expiration of 11 months from the date thereof unless otherwise provided in the proxy, except that the maximum term of any proxy shall be three years from the date of execution. Every proxy continues in full force and effect until revoked by the person executing it prior to the vote pursuant thereto, except as otherwise provided in this section. Such revocation may be effected by a writing delivered to the corporation stating that the proxy is revoked or by a subsequent proxy executed by the person executing the prior proxy and presented to the meeting, or as to any meeting by attendance at such meeting and voting in person by the person executing the proxy. The dates contained on the forms of proxy presumptively determine the order of execution, regardless of the postmark dates on the envelopes in which they are mailed.
(c)A proxy is not revoked by the death or incapacity of the maker or the termination of a membership as a result thereof unless, before the vote is counted, written notice of such death or incapacity is received by the corporation.
(d)Unless otherwise provided in the articles or bylaws, the proxy of a member which states that it is irrevocable is irrevocable for the period specified therein (notwithstanding subdivisions (b) and (c)) when it is held by any of the following or a nominee of any of the following:
(d)(1)A person who has purchased or who has agreed to purchase the membership;
(d)(2)A creditor or creditors of the corporation or the member who extended or continued credit to the corporation or the member in consideration of the proxy if the proxy states that it was given in consideration of such extension or continuation of credit and the name of the person extending or continuing the credit; or
(d)(3)A person who has contracted to perform services as an employee of the corporation, if the proxy is required by the contract of employment and if the proxy states that it was given in consideration of such contract of employment, the name of the employee and the period of employment contracted for. Notwithstanding the period of irrevocability specified, the proxy becomes revocable when the agreement to purchase is terminated; the debt of the corporation or the member is paid; or the period of employment provided for in the contract of employment has terminated. In addition to the foregoing paragraphs (1) through (3), a proxy of a member may be made irrevocable (notwithstanding subdivision (c)) if it is given to secure the performance of a duty or to protect a title, either legal or equitable, until the happening of events which, by its terms, discharge the obligations secured by it.
(e)A proxy may be revoked, notwithstanding a provision making it irrevocable, by a transferee of a membership without knowledge of the existence of the provision unless the existence of the proxy and its irrevocability appears on the certificate representing the membership.
(f)Subdivision (a) notwithstanding:
(f)(1)No amendment of the articles or bylaws repealing, restricting, creating or expanding proxy rights may be adopted without approval by the members (Section 5034); and
(f)(2)No amendment of the articles or bylaws restricting or limiting the use of proxies may affect the validity of a previously issued irrevocable proxy during the term of its irrevocability, so long as it complied with applicable provisions, if any, of the articles or bylaws at the time of its issuance, and is otherwise valid under this section.
(g)Anything to the contrary notwithstanding, any revocable proxy covering matters requiring a vote of the members pursuant to Section 7222; Section 7224; Section 7233; paragraph (1) of subdivision (f) of this section; Section 7812; paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 7911; Section 8012; subdivision (a) of Section 8015; Section 8610; or subdivision (a) of Section 8719 is not valid as to such matters unless it sets forth the general nature of the matter to be voted on.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/7613.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

公司法典 § 7615 — 英文原文

Cumulative Voting in the Election of Directors
Amended by Stats. 1984, Ch. 812, Sec. 10.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)If the articles or bylaws authorize cumulative voting, but not otherwise, every member entitled to vote at any election of directors may cumulate the member’s votes and give one candidate a number of votes equal to the number of directors to be elected multiplied by the number of votes to which the member is entitled, or distribute the member’s votes on the same principle among as many candidates as the member thinks fit. An article or bylaw provision authorizing cumulative voting may be repealed or amended only by approval of the members (Section 5034), except that the governing article or bylaw provision may require the vote of a greater proportion of the members, or of the members of any class, for its repeal.
(b)No member shall be entitled to cumulate votes for a candidate or candidates unless the candidate’s name or candidates’ names have been placed in nomination prior to the voting and the member has given notice at the meeting prior to the voting of the member’s intention to cumulate votes. If any one member has given this notice, all members may cumulate their votes for candidates in nomination.
(c)In any election of directors by cumulative voting, the candidates receiving the highest number of votes are elected, subject to any lawful provision specifying election by classes.
(d)In any election of directors not governed by subdivision (c), unless otherwise provided in the articles or bylaws, the candidates receiving the highest number of votes are elected.
(e)Elections for directors need not be by ballot unless a member demands election by ballot at the meeting and before the voting begins or unless the bylaws so require.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL, lawCode=CORP) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/7615.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

公司法典 § 8330 — 英文原文

The Membership List: Inspection, and the Alternative
Added by Stats. 1978, Ch. 567.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)Subject to Sections 8331 and 8332, and unless the corporation provides a reasonable alternative pursuant to subdivision (c), a member may do either or both of the following as permitted by subdivision (b):
(a)(1)Inspect and copy the record of all the members’ names, addresses and voting rights, at reasonable times, upon five business days’ prior written demand upon the corporation which demand shall state the purpose for which the inspection rights are requested; or
(a)(2)Obtain from the secretary of the corporation, upon written demand and tender of a reasonable charge, a list of the names, addresses and voting rights of those members entitled to vote for the election of directors, as of the most recent record date for which it has been compiled or as of a date specified by the member subsequent to the date of demand. The demand shall state the purpose for which the list is requested. The membership list shall be made available on or before the later of ten business days after the demand is received or after the date specified therein as the date as of which the list is to be compiled.
(b)The rights set forth in subdivision (a) may be exercised by:
(b)(1)Any member, for a purpose reasonably related to such person’s interest as a member. Where the corporation reasonably believes that the information will be used for another purpose, or where it provides a reasonable alternative pursuant to subdivision (c), it may deny the member access to the list. In any subsequent action brought by the member under Section 8336, the court shall enforce the rights set forth in subdivision (a) unless the corporation proves that the member will allow use of the information for purposes unrelated to the person’s interest as a member or that the alternative method offered reasonably achieves the proper purpose set forth in the demand.
(b)(2)The authorized number of members for a purpose reasonably related to the members’ interest as members.
(c)The corporation may, within ten business days after receiving a demand under subdivision (a), deliver to the person or persons making the demand a written offer of an alternative method of achieving the purpose identified in said demand without providing access to or a copy of the membership list. An alternative method which reasonably and in a timely manner accomplishes the proper purpose set forth in a demand made under subdivision (a) shall be deemed a reasonable alternative, unless within a reasonable time after acceptance of the offer the corporation fails to do those things which it offered to do. Any rejection of the offer shall be in writing and shall indicate the reasons the alternative proposed by the corporation does not meet the proper purpose of the demand made pursuant to subdivision (a).

来源不一致。 The Legislative Counsel's database and California Public Law differ, and the text here follows the official database. The official text reads “Sections 8331 and 8332” where Public Law prints the singular “Section” before the same numbers — their citation linker rewriting the plural, not a difference in the statute. Both versions run to the same word count and nothing else differs.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/8330.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

两套法律，一场选举

以共同利益开发项目形式设立的协会，受《戴维斯-斯特林法》管辖。如果它同时也注册为法人——大多数都是——那么《非营利互益法人法》也作为法人法律适用于它。两者是重叠而不是竞争的关系：《戴维斯-斯特林法》为董事选举及其涵盖的事项规定选举程序，而《加州公司法典》则一般性地提供会员行动的法人机制。

两者最后一次修订相隔了一代人：第7513条自2005年以来未曾修改，第7615条自1984年以来未曾修改，而《戴维斯-斯特林法》的选举各节最近在2025年还经过改写。这一差距正是此处特别规定优先于一般规定的部分原因——法人机制在制定时，并没有考虑现代的协会选举。

两者都有规定时，特别规定优先于一般规定——《戴维斯-斯特林法》关于无记名投票、选举监察员和保存的规则，不会被公司法条所取代。在《戴维斯-斯特林法》没有规定的地方，公司法条仍可能发挥作用，书面选票机制就是最明显的例子。

让人出错的法定人数计算

书面选票表决不开会，所以没有满屋子的人来构成法定人数。第7513条的解决办法，是要求选票本身达到法定人数，而这项标准有两个要件，必须同时满足：

  1. 回收的选票必须达到会议原本所需的法定人数。投出选票的会员人数，必须等于或超过就同一问题召开会议时所需的法定人数。
  2. 赞成票必须达到会议原本所需的通过门槛。投赞成票的人数，必须至少等于该会议上所需的赞成票数。

协会忽略的是第一个要件。一项议案即使在交回选票的人中获得压倒性支持，仍然可能失败，因为交回选票的会员人数根本不够——这与会议上因参与不足而未达法定人数是同一个问题，只是途径不同。

没有重新召集会议可以退而求其次

民法典第5115条让未达法定人数的董事选举有第二次机会，即在重新召集会议上进行，届时只需20%即可。依照第7513条进行的书面选票表决没有类似机制：没有会议可以重新召集。如果回收的选票不足，该行动就等于没有发生。在选择这一机制之前，值得了解这种不对称。

可撤销性与征集

书面选票可以在截止日期前撤销，而征集材料必须告知会员这一点，同时说明交回选票的截止时间，以及达到法定人数所需的回复数量。其意义在于，正在决定是否交回选票的会员，有权知道交回选票会产生什么作用——包括无论如何填写，它都会计入法定人数。

电子传送

公司法典允许在法人已取得会员同意、且设立条款（articles of incorporation）或章程未予禁止的情况下，以电子传送方式分发和交回书面选票。这是一项独立的许可，有别于AB 2159在《戴维斯-斯特林法》中创设的许可；协会如果就不属于《戴维斯-斯特林法》的问题依赖公司法途径，不应假定其依照民法典第5105条通过的选举规则同样适用。

禁止事项：适用累积投票时不得使用书面选票

第7615条规范累积投票——这种方式允许会员把全部票数集中投给一名候选人，从而为少数派提供进入董事会的途径。在适用累积投票的情况下，选举董事不能使用书面选票机制。

这一点比它的冷僻程度所显示的更重要，因为累积投票经常出现在协会章程中，却常常被遗忘。协会如果在未核查自身章程是否规定了累积投票的情况下，以书面选票举行董事选举，就造成了一个在文件上一目了然、又很难说成无害的瑕疵。

使用前要核查的事项

相关内容