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加州民法典 § 5110

选举监察员

加州每一次需要会员表决的业主协会（HOA）选举，都必须由独立的选举监察员监督。协会不能使用本协会的董事、候选人，或已因其他有偿服务与协会签有合约的任何人——这就排除了物业管理公司及其雇用的个别物业经理。

在会所的房间里，一个人坐在折叠桌前，在一箱选票旁拆开一个密封的双层信封，两名住户在远处看着。
插图对应 § 5110 · § 5120 这些插图依据本文件中记录的书面说明生成，不是写生，也不是根据照片绘制。书面说明中没有指定任何在世插画家的风格，画中人物也不是任何真实人物的肖像。插图不能证明任何事情。这些页面上的法律条文才是证据，条文另行转载并注明日期。
条文 民法典 § 5110 所属法律 戴维斯-斯特林法 修订 § 5110: AB 2159 (2024) 生效 § 5110自2025-01-01起生效 条文核实 2026-11-03

民法典 § 5110 — 英文原文

Inspector or Inspectors of Elections
Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 383, Sec. 2. (AB 2159) Effective January 1, 2025.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)The association shall select an independent third party or parties as an inspector of elections. The number of inspectors of elections shall be one or three.
(b)For the purposes of this section, an independent third party includes, but is not limited to, a volunteer poll worker with the county registrar of voters, a licensee of the California Board of Accountancy, or a notary public. An independent third party may be a member, but may not be a director or a candidate for director or be related to a director or to a candidate for director. An independent third party may not be a person, business entity, or subdivision of a business entity who is currently employed or under contract to the association for any compensable services other than serving as an inspector of elections.
(c)The inspector or inspectors of elections shall do all of the following:
(c)(1)Determine the number of memberships entitled to vote and the voting power of each.
(c)(2)Determine the authenticity, validity, and effect of proxies, if any.
(c)(3)Receive ballots.
(c)(4)Ensure compliance with all of the following, if the inspector or inspectors of elections conducts an election by electronic secret ballot pursuant to Section 5105:
(c)(4)(A)Each member voting by electronic secret ballot shall be provided with all of the following:
(c)(4)(A)(i)A method to authenticate the member’s identity to the internet-based voting system.
(c)(4)(A)(ii)A method to transmit an electronic secret ballot to the internet-based voting system that ensures the secrecy and integrity of each ballot.
(c)(4)(A)(iii)A method to confirm, at least 30 days before the voting deadline, that the member’s electronic device can successfully communicate with the internet-based voting system.
(c)(4)(B)Any internet-based voting system that is utilized shall have the ability to accomplish all of the following:
(c)(4)(B)(i)Authenticate the member’s identity.
(c)(4)(B)(ii)Authenticate the validity of each electronic secret ballot to ensure that the electronic secret ballot is not altered in transit.
(c)(4)(B)(iii)Transmit a receipt from the internet-based voting system to each member who casts an electronic secret ballot.
(c)(4)(B)(iv)Permanently separate any authenticating or identifying information from the electronic secret ballot, rendering it impossible to connect an election ballot to a specific member.
(c)(4)(B)(v)Store and keep electronic secret ballots accessible to elections officials or their authorized representatives for recount, inspection, and review purposes.
(c)(5)Hear and determine all challenges and questions in any way arising out of or in connection with the right to vote.
(c)(6)Count and tabulate all votes.
(c)(7)Determine when the polls shall close, consistent with the governing documents.
(c)(8)Determine the tabulated results of the election.
(c)(9)Perform any acts as may be proper to conduct the election with fairness to all members in accordance with this article, the Corporations Code, and all applicable rules of the association regarding the conduct of the election that are not in conflict with this article.
(d)An inspector or inspectors of elections shall perform all duties impartially, in good faith, to the best of the inspector or inspectors of elections’ ability, as expeditiously as is practical, and in a manner that protects the interest of all members of the association. If there are three inspectors of elections, the decision or act of a majority shall be effective in all respects as the decision or act of all. Any report made by the inspector or inspectors of elections is prima facie evidence of the facts stated in the report.

本条的历史版本

通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号，因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题：民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举，适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文，而不是今天的条文。

  1. AB 21592025-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 383, Sec. 2. (AB 2159) Effective January 1, 2025.

    17处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (c)(4)Hear and determine Ensure compliance with all challenges and questions in any way arising out of the following, if the inspector or in connection with the right inspectors of elections conducts an election by electronic secret ballot pursuant to vote. Section 5105:
    2. (c)(4)(A)Each member voting by electronic secret ballot shall be provided with all of the following:
    3. (c)(4)(A)(i)A method to authenticate the member’s identity to the internet-based voting system.
    4. (c)(4)(A)(ii)A method to transmit an electronic secret ballot to the internet-based voting system that ensures the secrecy and integrity of each ballot.
    5. (c)(4)(A)(iii)A method to confirm, at least 30 days before the voting deadline, that the member’s electronic device can successfully communicate with the internet-based voting system.
    6. (c)(4)(B)Any internet-based voting system that is utilized shall have the ability to accomplish all of the following:
    7. (c)(4)(B)(i)Authenticate the member’s identity.
    8. (c)(4)(B)(ii)Authenticate the validity of each electronic secret ballot to ensure that the electronic secret ballot is not altered in transit.
    9. (c)(4)(B)(iii)Transmit a receipt from the internet-based voting system to each member who casts an electronic secret ballot.
    10. (c)(4)(B)(iv)Permanently separate any authenticating or identifying information from the electronic secret ballot, rendering it impossible to connect an election ballot to a specific member.
    11. (c)(4)(B)(v)Store and keep electronic secret ballots accessible to elections officials or their authorized representatives for recount, inspection, and review purposes.
    12. (c)(5)Count Hear and tabulate determine all votes. challenges and questions in any way arising out of or in connection with the right to vote.
    13. (c)(6)Determine when the polls shall close, consistent with the governing documents. Count and tabulate all votes.
    14. (c)(7)Determine when the tabulated results of polls shall close, consistent with the election. governing documents.
    15. (c)(8)Perform any acts as may be proper to conduct Determine the election with fairness to all members in accordance with this article, the Corporations Code, and all applicable rules tabulated results of the association regarding the conduct of the election that are not in conflict with this article. election.
    16. (c)(9)Perform any acts as may be proper to conduct the election with fairness to all members in accordance with this article, the Corporations Code, and all applicable rules of the association regarding the conduct of the election that are not in conflict with this article.
    17. (d)An inspector or inspectors of elections shall perform all duties impartially, … faith, to the best of the inspector or inspectors of election’s elections’ ability, as expeditiously as is practical, and …

  2. SB 3232020-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 848, Sec. 3. (SB 323) Effective January 1, 2020.

    2处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (b)… to the association for any compensable services unless expressly authorized by rules other than serving as an inspector of the association adopted pursuant to paragraph (5) of subdivision (a) of Section 5105. elections.
    2. (d)… best of the inspector of election’s ability, and as expeditiously as is practical. practical, and in a manner that protects the interest of all members of the association. If there are three inspectors of elections, …

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/5110.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

谁可以担任，谁不可以

法条列出了有资格担任的人——县选民登记处（registrar of voters）的志愿投票站工作人员、加州会计委员会（California Board of Accountancy）持照人，以及公证人（notary public）——但这份名单只是举例，并非穷尽列举。专业的选举服务公司既不必是会计师，也不必是公证人。

真正起作用的是不具资格的规定。监察员不得是目前受雇于协会、或因担任监察员以外的有偿服务与协会签有合约的任何人。董事、候选人以及与候选人有亲属关系的人也被排除在外。

人们常忽略的两个后果

物业管理公司不具资格。它与协会签有服务合约，其雇用的个别物业经理也是如此。这就是为什么在其他方面完全由物业公司管理的协会，仍然必须为每次选举另外聘请一名监察员。

软件供应商并非自动不具资格。限制针对的是与该协会另有一份合约，而不是身为科技公司。向协会出售订阅服务的供应商，不能再担任其监察员；与该协会唯一的聘用关系就是担任监察员的公司，则可以担任。加州有几家服务商正是以这种方式运营的。

监察员实际裁定的事项

这个角色是裁决性的，而不是事务性的。监察员裁定委托书的真实性、有效性和效力；计算选票并汇总计票；听取并裁定选举中产生的所有异议和问题。一个对有争议的委托书悄悄套用自己规则的平台，是在作出法律指定由一名独立人士作出的决定。

电子投票的要求

协会采用电子投票时，《加州民法典》第5110条(c)(4)(B)规定了系统必须做到的事项。它读起来就像一份规格说明；对任何评估平台的人来说，这是《戴维斯-斯特林法》中最有用的一段。

  1. 验证会员身份。实际上，这意味着把投票人与协会自己的会员名册绑定，而不仅仅是与一个电子邮件地址绑定。
  2. 验证每张电子无记名选票的有效性，并确认其在传输过程中未被篡改。仅靠传输加密并不能证明这一点——选票本身必须能在事后接受核验。
  3. 向每位投票的会员发送回执。
  4. 永久分离选票与任何用于验证或识别身份的资料，使任何选票都不可能与特定会员联系起来。必须是“永久”，必须是“不可能”——而不是藏在某项权限之后。
  5. 保存选票并使其可供选举工作人员调取，用于重新计票、查阅和审查。

第三项和第四项要求彼此存在张力，必须一并设计：会员收到证明其选票已经投出的凭证，而协会却不保留任何从该会员追溯到选票内容的途径。在加州，任何关于电子投票的产品宣传，都应当对照这份清单逐条审视。

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