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加州民法典 § 5110

選舉監察員

加州每一次需要會員表決的業主協會（HOA）選舉，都必須由獨立的選舉監察員監督。協會不能使用本協會的董事、候選人，或已因其他有償服務與協會簽有合約的任何人——這就排除了物業管理公司及其僱用的個別物業經理。

在會所的房間裡，一個人坐在摺疊桌前，在一箱選票旁拆開一個密封的雙層信封，兩名住戶在遠處看著。
插圖對應 § 5110 · § 5120 這些插圖依據本文件中記錄的書面說明生成，不是寫生，也不是根據照片繪製。書面說明中沒有指定任何在世插畫家的風格，畫中人物也不是任何真實人物的肖像。插圖不能證明任何事情。這些頁面上的法律條文才是證據，條文另行轉載並註明日期。
條文 民法典 § 5110 所屬法律 戴維斯-斯特林法 修訂 § 5110: AB 2159 (2024) 生效 § 5110自2025-01-01起生效 條文核實 2026-11-03

民法典 § 5110 — 英文原文

Inspector or Inspectors of Elections
Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 383, Sec. 2. (AB 2159) Effective January 1, 2025.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)The association shall select an independent third party or parties as an inspector of elections. The number of inspectors of elections shall be one or three.
(b)For the purposes of this section, an independent third party includes, but is not limited to, a volunteer poll worker with the county registrar of voters, a licensee of the California Board of Accountancy, or a notary public. An independent third party may be a member, but may not be a director or a candidate for director or be related to a director or to a candidate for director. An independent third party may not be a person, business entity, or subdivision of a business entity who is currently employed or under contract to the association for any compensable services other than serving as an inspector of elections.
(c)The inspector or inspectors of elections shall do all of the following:
(c)(1)Determine the number of memberships entitled to vote and the voting power of each.
(c)(2)Determine the authenticity, validity, and effect of proxies, if any.
(c)(3)Receive ballots.
(c)(4)Ensure compliance with all of the following, if the inspector or inspectors of elections conducts an election by electronic secret ballot pursuant to Section 5105:
(c)(4)(A)Each member voting by electronic secret ballot shall be provided with all of the following:
(c)(4)(A)(i)A method to authenticate the member’s identity to the internet-based voting system.
(c)(4)(A)(ii)A method to transmit an electronic secret ballot to the internet-based voting system that ensures the secrecy and integrity of each ballot.
(c)(4)(A)(iii)A method to confirm, at least 30 days before the voting deadline, that the member’s electronic device can successfully communicate with the internet-based voting system.
(c)(4)(B)Any internet-based voting system that is utilized shall have the ability to accomplish all of the following:
(c)(4)(B)(i)Authenticate the member’s identity.
(c)(4)(B)(ii)Authenticate the validity of each electronic secret ballot to ensure that the electronic secret ballot is not altered in transit.
(c)(4)(B)(iii)Transmit a receipt from the internet-based voting system to each member who casts an electronic secret ballot.
(c)(4)(B)(iv)Permanently separate any authenticating or identifying information from the electronic secret ballot, rendering it impossible to connect an election ballot to a specific member.
(c)(4)(B)(v)Store and keep electronic secret ballots accessible to elections officials or their authorized representatives for recount, inspection, and review purposes.
(c)(5)Hear and determine all challenges and questions in any way arising out of or in connection with the right to vote.
(c)(6)Count and tabulate all votes.
(c)(7)Determine when the polls shall close, consistent with the governing documents.
(c)(8)Determine the tabulated results of the election.
(c)(9)Perform any acts as may be proper to conduct the election with fairness to all members in accordance with this article, the Corporations Code, and all applicable rules of the association regarding the conduct of the election that are not in conflict with this article.
(d)An inspector or inspectors of elections shall perform all duties impartially, in good faith, to the best of the inspector or inspectors of elections’ ability, as expeditiously as is practical, and in a manner that protects the interest of all members of the association. If there are three inspectors of elections, the decision or act of a majority shall be effective in all respects as the decision or act of all. Any report made by the inspector or inspectors of elections is prima facie evidence of the facts stated in the report.

本條的歷史版本

通過比較加州立法顧問辦公室每個立法會期發佈一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴維斯-斯特林法》已採用現行編號，因此修改從其後的版本起記錄。這不只是存檔問題：民法典第5145條給予會員一年時間質疑選舉，適用的是選舉舉行當日的現行條文，而不是今天的條文。

  1. AB 21592025-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 383, Sec. 2. (AB 2159) Effective January 1, 2025.

    17處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. (c)(4)Hear and determine Ensure compliance with all challenges and questions in any way arising out of the following, if the inspector or in connection with the right inspectors of elections conducts an election by electronic secret ballot pursuant to vote. Section 5105:
    2. (c)(4)(A)Each member voting by electronic secret ballot shall be provided with all of the following:
    3. (c)(4)(A)(i)A method to authenticate the member’s identity to the internet-based voting system.
    4. (c)(4)(A)(ii)A method to transmit an electronic secret ballot to the internet-based voting system that ensures the secrecy and integrity of each ballot.
    5. (c)(4)(A)(iii)A method to confirm, at least 30 days before the voting deadline, that the member’s electronic device can successfully communicate with the internet-based voting system.
    6. (c)(4)(B)Any internet-based voting system that is utilized shall have the ability to accomplish all of the following:
    7. (c)(4)(B)(i)Authenticate the member’s identity.
    8. (c)(4)(B)(ii)Authenticate the validity of each electronic secret ballot to ensure that the electronic secret ballot is not altered in transit.
    9. (c)(4)(B)(iii)Transmit a receipt from the internet-based voting system to each member who casts an electronic secret ballot.
    10. (c)(4)(B)(iv)Permanently separate any authenticating or identifying information from the electronic secret ballot, rendering it impossible to connect an election ballot to a specific member.
    11. (c)(4)(B)(v)Store and keep electronic secret ballots accessible to elections officials or their authorized representatives for recount, inspection, and review purposes.
    12. (c)(5)Count Hear and tabulate determine all votes. challenges and questions in any way arising out of or in connection with the right to vote.
    13. (c)(6)Determine when the polls shall close, consistent with the governing documents. Count and tabulate all votes.
    14. (c)(7)Determine when the tabulated results of polls shall close, consistent with the election. governing documents.
    15. (c)(8)Perform any acts as may be proper to conduct Determine the election with fairness to all members in accordance with this article, the Corporations Code, and all applicable rules tabulated results of the association regarding the conduct of the election that are not in conflict with this article. election.
    16. (c)(9)Perform any acts as may be proper to conduct the election with fairness to all members in accordance with this article, the Corporations Code, and all applicable rules of the association regarding the conduct of the election that are not in conflict with this article.
    17. (d)An inspector or inspectors of elections shall perform all duties impartially, … faith, to the best of the inspector or inspectors of election’s elections’ ability, as expeditiously as is practical, and …

  2. SB 3232020-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 848, Sec. 3. (SB 323) Effective January 1, 2020.

    2處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. (b)… to the association for any compensable services unless expressly authorized by rules other than serving as an inspector of the association adopted pursuant to paragraph (5) of subdivision (a) of Section 5105. elections.
    2. (d)… best of the inspector of election’s ability, and as expeditiously as is practical. practical, and in a manner that protects the interest of all members of the association. If there are three inspectors of elections, …

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/5110.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

誰可以擔任，誰不可以

法條列出了有資格擔任的人——縣選民登記處（registrar of voters）的志願投票站工作人員、加州會計委員會（California Board of Accountancy）持照人，以及公證人（notary public）——但這份名單只是舉例，並非窮盡列舉。專業的選舉服務公司既不必是會計師，也不必是公證人。

真正起作用的是不具資格的規定。監察員不得是目前受僱於協會、或因擔任監察員以外的有償服務與協會簽有合約的任何人。董事、候選人以及與候選人有親屬關係的人也被排除在外。

人們常忽略的兩個後果

物業管理公司不具資格。它與協會簽有服務合約，其僱用的個別物業經理也是如此。這就是為什麼在其他方面完全由物業公司管理的協會，仍然必須為每次選舉另外聘請一名監察員。

軟件供應商並非自動不具資格。限制針對的是與該協會另有一份合約，而不是身為科技公司。向協會出售訂閱服務的供應商，不能再擔任其監察員；與該協會唯一的聘用關係就是擔任監察員的公司，則可以擔任。加州有幾家服務商正是以這種方式運營的。

監察員實際裁定的事項

這個角色是裁決性的，而不是事務性的。監察員裁定委託書的真實性、有效性和效力；計算選票並彙總計票；聽取並裁定選舉中產生的所有異議和問題。一個對有爭議的委託書悄悄套用自己規則的平臺，是在作出法律指定由一名獨立人士作出的決定。

電子投票的要求

協會採用電子投票時，《加州民法典》第5110條(c)(4)(B)規定了系統必須做到的事項。它讀起來就像一份規格說明；對任何評估平臺的人來說，這是《戴維斯-斯特林法》中最有用的一段。

  1. 驗證會員身份。實際上，這意味著把投票人與協會自己的會員名冊綁定，而不僅僅是與一個電子郵件地址綁定。
  2. 驗證每張電子無記名選票的有效性，並確認其在傳輸過程中未被篡改。僅靠傳輸加密並不能證明這一點——選票本身必須能在事後接受核驗。
  3. 向每位投票的會員發送回執。
  4. 永久分離選票與任何用於驗證或識別身份的資料，使任何選票都不可能與特定會員聯繫起來。必須是“永久”，必須是“不可能”——而不是藏在某項權限之後。
  5. 保存選票並使其可供選舉工作人員調取，用於重新計票、查閱和審查。

第三項和第四項要求彼此存在張力，必須一併設計：會員收到證明其選票已經投出的憑證，而協會卻不保留任何從該會員追溯到選票內容的途徑。在加州，任何關於電子投票的產品宣傳，都應當對照這份清單逐條審視。

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