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加州公司法典 §§ 7513、7615

不開會的書面選票表決

大多數業主協會（HOA）同時也是非營利互益法人，這意味著還有第二套法律規範會員如何行事。這套法律允許完全以書面選票進行表決，根本不開會——但要受制於常讓協會出錯的計算規則，以及一項絕對禁止。

條文 公司法典 § 7513 · § 7615 適用於 以非營利互益法人形式設立的協會 生效 § 7513自2005-01-01起生效 · § 7615來源未註明生效日期 條文核實 2026-11-03

業主協會選舉還會遇到的另外三條公司法條文

《加州公司法典》第7512條(a)提供了一個沒人引用的預設規則：除非章程另有規定，親自出席或由代理出席的三分之一投票權重即構成會員大會的法定人數——而提高法定人數的章程修訂，只有經會員批准才能通過。《戴維斯-斯特林法》在《加州民法典》第5115條中的規定是疊加在這一規則之上的，而不是取而代之。

(c)款是常讓董事會出錯的一款：一旦達到法定人數，即使有足夠多的會員離場導致人數不足，會議仍可繼續處理事務——但前提是所採取的任何行動，須獲得至少構成該法定人數所需會員人數的過半數批准。而(e)款直接針對共同利益開發項目（common interest development），涉及在未達到管理文件所要求的法定人數時，董事選舉的延期問題。

公司法典第7613條是《戴維斯-斯特林法》自身的民法典第5130條所依託的委託書法條——規定委託書必須採取的形式、何時撤銷，以及除非委託書另有說明，其有效期為十一個月，最長不超過三年。在選舉問題上，如果第5130條與第7613條的規定不一致，第5100條(e)規定以選舉一節為準。

候選人要求取得的會員名單

公司法典第8330條才是會員名單權利的真正來源。會員可以為與其會員利益合理相關的目的，查閱並複製會員姓名、地址和投票權的記錄——但須遵守第8331條和第8332條，並且除非法人提供合理的替代方式。這種替代方式，就是協會提出代您寄發郵件，而不是把名單交給您；它是大多數競選糾紛的關鍵。請與民法典第5225條一併閱讀，該條是《戴維斯-斯特林法》對同一問題的規定。

公司法典 § 7512 — 英文原文

Quorum at a Members' Meeting
Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 401, Sec. 2. (AB 2460) Effective January 1, 2025.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)One-third of the voting power, represented in person or by proxy, shall constitute a quorum at a meeting of members, but, subject to subdivisions (b) and (c), a bylaw may set a different quorum. Any bylaw amendment to increase the quorum may be adopted only by approval of the members (Section 5034). If a quorum is present, the affirmative vote of the majority of the voting power represented at the meeting, entitled to vote, and voting on any matter shall be the act of the members unless the vote of a greater number or voting by classes is required by this part or the articles or bylaws.
(b)Where a bylaw authorizes a corporation to conduct a meeting with a quorum of less than one-third of the voting power, then the only matters that may be voted upon at any regular meeting actually attended, in person or by proxy, by less than one-third of the voting power are matters notice of the general nature of which was given, pursuant to the first sentence of subdivision (a) of Section 7511.
(c)Subject to subdivision (b), the members present at a duly called or held meeting at which a quorum is present may continue to transact business until adjournment notwithstanding the withdrawal of enough members to leave less than a quorum, if any action taken (other than adjournment) is approved by at least a majority of the members required to constitute a quorum or, if required by this division, or by the articles or the bylaws, the vote of the greater number or voting by classes.
(d)In the absence of a quorum, any meeting of members may be adjourned from time to time by the vote of a majority of the votes represented either in person or by proxy, but no other business may be transacted, except as provided in subdivision (c).
(e)For an election of directors of a corporation that is a common interest development, and in the absence of meeting quorum as required by the association’s governing documents or this section, unless a lower quorum for a reconvened meeting is authorized by an association’s governing documents, the corporation may adjourn the meeting to a date at least 20 days after the adjourned meeting, at which time the quorum required for purposes of a reconvened meeting to elect directors shall be 20 percent of the association’s members, voting in person, by proxy, or by secret ballot.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/7512.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

公司法典 § 7513 — 英文原文

Action by Written Ballot Without a Meeting
Amended by Stats. 2004, Ch. 254, Sec. 26. Effective January 1, 2005.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)Subject to subdivision (e), and unless prohibited in the articles or bylaws, any action which may be taken at any regular or special meeting of members may be taken without a meeting if the corporation distributes a written ballot to every member entitled to vote on the matter. Unless otherwise provided by the articles or bylaws and if approved by the board of directors, that ballot and any related material may be sent by electronic transmission by the corporation (Section 20) and responses may be returned to the corporation by electronic transmission to the corporation (Section 21). That ballot shall set forth the proposed action, provide an opportunity to specify approval or disapproval of any proposal, and provide a reasonable time within which to return the ballot to the corporation.
(b)Approval by written ballot pursuant to this section shall be valid only when the number of votes cast by ballot within the time period specified equals or exceeds the quorum required to be present at a meeting authorizing the action, and the number of approvals equals or exceeds the number of votes that would be required to approve at a meeting at which the total number of votes cast was the same as the number of votes cast by ballot.
(c)Ballots shall be solicited in a manner consistent with the requirements of subdivision (b) of Section 7511 and Section 7514. All such solicitations shall indicate the number of responses needed to meet the quorum requirement and, with respect to ballots other than for the election of directors, shall state the percentage of approvals necessary to pass the measure submitted. The solicitation must specify the time by which the ballot must be received in order to be counted.
(d)Unless otherwise provided in the articles or bylaws, a written ballot may not be revoked.
(e)Directors may be elected by written ballot under this section, where authorized by the articles or bylaws, except that election by written ballot may not be authorized where the directors are elected by cumulative voting pursuant to Section 7615.
(f)When directors are to be elected by written ballot and the articles or bylaws prescribe a nomination procedure, the procedure may provide for a date for the close of nominations prior to the printing and distributing of the written ballots.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL, lawCode=CORP) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/7513.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

公司法典 § 7613 — 英文原文

Proxies — Form, Revocation and Term
Amended by Stats. 1981, Ch. 587, Sec. 37.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)Any member may authorize another person or persons to act by proxy with respect to such membership except that this right may be limited or withdrawn by the articles or bylaws, subject to subdivision (f). Any proxy purported to be executed in accordance with the provisions of this part shall be presumptively valid.
(b)No proxy shall be valid after the expiration of 11 months from the date thereof unless otherwise provided in the proxy, except that the maximum term of any proxy shall be three years from the date of execution. Every proxy continues in full force and effect until revoked by the person executing it prior to the vote pursuant thereto, except as otherwise provided in this section. Such revocation may be effected by a writing delivered to the corporation stating that the proxy is revoked or by a subsequent proxy executed by the person executing the prior proxy and presented to the meeting, or as to any meeting by attendance at such meeting and voting in person by the person executing the proxy. The dates contained on the forms of proxy presumptively determine the order of execution, regardless of the postmark dates on the envelopes in which they are mailed.
(c)A proxy is not revoked by the death or incapacity of the maker or the termination of a membership as a result thereof unless, before the vote is counted, written notice of such death or incapacity is received by the corporation.
(d)Unless otherwise provided in the articles or bylaws, the proxy of a member which states that it is irrevocable is irrevocable for the period specified therein (notwithstanding subdivisions (b) and (c)) when it is held by any of the following or a nominee of any of the following:
(d)(1)A person who has purchased or who has agreed to purchase the membership;
(d)(2)A creditor or creditors of the corporation or the member who extended or continued credit to the corporation or the member in consideration of the proxy if the proxy states that it was given in consideration of such extension or continuation of credit and the name of the person extending or continuing the credit; or
(d)(3)A person who has contracted to perform services as an employee of the corporation, if the proxy is required by the contract of employment and if the proxy states that it was given in consideration of such contract of employment, the name of the employee and the period of employment contracted for. Notwithstanding the period of irrevocability specified, the proxy becomes revocable when the agreement to purchase is terminated; the debt of the corporation or the member is paid; or the period of employment provided for in the contract of employment has terminated. In addition to the foregoing paragraphs (1) through (3), a proxy of a member may be made irrevocable (notwithstanding subdivision (c)) if it is given to secure the performance of a duty or to protect a title, either legal or equitable, until the happening of events which, by its terms, discharge the obligations secured by it.
(e)A proxy may be revoked, notwithstanding a provision making it irrevocable, by a transferee of a membership without knowledge of the existence of the provision unless the existence of the proxy and its irrevocability appears on the certificate representing the membership.
(f)Subdivision (a) notwithstanding:
(f)(1)No amendment of the articles or bylaws repealing, restricting, creating or expanding proxy rights may be adopted without approval by the members (Section 5034); and
(f)(2)No amendment of the articles or bylaws restricting or limiting the use of proxies may affect the validity of a previously issued irrevocable proxy during the term of its irrevocability, so long as it complied with applicable provisions, if any, of the articles or bylaws at the time of its issuance, and is otherwise valid under this section.
(g)Anything to the contrary notwithstanding, any revocable proxy covering matters requiring a vote of the members pursuant to Section 7222; Section 7224; Section 7233; paragraph (1) of subdivision (f) of this section; Section 7812; paragraph (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 7911; Section 8012; subdivision (a) of Section 8015; Section 8610; or subdivision (a) of Section 8719 is not valid as to such matters unless it sets forth the general nature of the matter to be voted on.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/7613.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

公司法典 § 7615 — 英文原文

Cumulative Voting in the Election of Directors
Amended by Stats. 1984, Ch. 812, Sec. 10.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)If the articles or bylaws authorize cumulative voting, but not otherwise, every member entitled to vote at any election of directors may cumulate the member’s votes and give one candidate a number of votes equal to the number of directors to be elected multiplied by the number of votes to which the member is entitled, or distribute the member’s votes on the same principle among as many candidates as the member thinks fit. An article or bylaw provision authorizing cumulative voting may be repealed or amended only by approval of the members (Section 5034), except that the governing article or bylaw provision may require the vote of a greater proportion of the members, or of the members of any class, for its repeal.
(b)No member shall be entitled to cumulate votes for a candidate or candidates unless the candidate’s name or candidates’ names have been placed in nomination prior to the voting and the member has given notice at the meeting prior to the voting of the member’s intention to cumulate votes. If any one member has given this notice, all members may cumulate their votes for candidates in nomination.
(c)In any election of directors by cumulative voting, the candidates receiving the highest number of votes are elected, subject to any lawful provision specifying election by classes.
(d)In any election of directors not governed by subdivision (c), unless otherwise provided in the articles or bylaws, the candidates receiving the highest number of votes are elected.
(e)Elections for directors need not be by ballot unless a member demands election by ballot at the meeting and before the voting begins or unless the bylaws so require.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL, lawCode=CORP) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/7615.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

公司法典 § 8330 — 英文原文

The Membership List: Inspection, and the Alternative
Added by Stats. 1978, Ch. 567.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)Subject to Sections 8331 and 8332, and unless the corporation provides a reasonable alternative pursuant to subdivision (c), a member may do either or both of the following as permitted by subdivision (b):
(a)(1)Inspect and copy the record of all the members’ names, addresses and voting rights, at reasonable times, upon five business days’ prior written demand upon the corporation which demand shall state the purpose for which the inspection rights are requested; or
(a)(2)Obtain from the secretary of the corporation, upon written demand and tender of a reasonable charge, a list of the names, addresses and voting rights of those members entitled to vote for the election of directors, as of the most recent record date for which it has been compiled or as of a date specified by the member subsequent to the date of demand. The demand shall state the purpose for which the list is requested. The membership list shall be made available on or before the later of ten business days after the demand is received or after the date specified therein as the date as of which the list is to be compiled.
(b)The rights set forth in subdivision (a) may be exercised by:
(b)(1)Any member, for a purpose reasonably related to such person’s interest as a member. Where the corporation reasonably believes that the information will be used for another purpose, or where it provides a reasonable alternative pursuant to subdivision (c), it may deny the member access to the list. In any subsequent action brought by the member under Section 8336, the court shall enforce the rights set forth in subdivision (a) unless the corporation proves that the member will allow use of the information for purposes unrelated to the person’s interest as a member or that the alternative method offered reasonably achieves the proper purpose set forth in the demand.
(b)(2)The authorized number of members for a purpose reasonably related to the members’ interest as members.
(c)The corporation may, within ten business days after receiving a demand under subdivision (a), deliver to the person or persons making the demand a written offer of an alternative method of achieving the purpose identified in said demand without providing access to or a copy of the membership list. An alternative method which reasonably and in a timely manner accomplishes the proper purpose set forth in a demand made under subdivision (a) shall be deemed a reasonable alternative, unless within a reasonable time after acceptance of the offer the corporation fails to do those things which it offered to do. Any rejection of the offer shall be in writing and shall indicate the reasons the alternative proposed by the corporation does not meet the proper purpose of the demand made pursuant to subdivision (a).

來源不一致。 The Legislative Counsel's database and California Public Law differ, and the text here follows the official database. The official text reads “Sections 8331 and 8332” where Public Law prints the singular “Section” before the same numbers — their citation linker rewriting the plural, not a difference in the statute. Both versions run to the same word count and nothing else differs.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/8330.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

兩套法律，一場選舉

以共同利益開發項目形式設立的協會，受《戴維斯-斯特林法》管轄。如果它同時也註冊為法人——大多數都是——那麼《非營利互益法人法》也作為法人法律適用於它。兩者是重疊而不是競爭的關係：《戴維斯-斯特林法》為董事選舉及其涵蓋的事項規定選舉程序，而《加州公司法典》則一般性地提供會員行動的法人機制。

兩者最後一次修訂相隔了一代人：第7513條自2005年以來未曾修改，第7615條自1984年以來未曾修改，而《戴維斯-斯特林法》的選舉各節最近在2025年還經過改寫。這一差距正是此處特別規定優先於一般規定的部分原因——法人機制在制定時，並沒有考慮現代的協會選舉。

兩者都有規定時，特別規定優先於一般規定——《戴維斯-斯特林法》關於無記名投票、選舉監察員和保存的規則，不會被公司法條所取代。在《戴維斯-斯特林法》沒有規定的地方，公司法條仍可能發揮作用，書面選票機制就是最明顯的例子。

讓人出錯的法定人數計算

書面選票表決不開會，所以沒有滿屋子的人來構成法定人數。第7513條的解決辦法，是要求選票本身達到法定人數，而這項標準有兩個要件，必須同時滿足：

  1. 回收的選票必須達到會議原本所需的法定人數。投出選票的會員人數，必須等於或超過就同一問題召開會議時所需的法定人數。
  2. 贊成票必須達到會議原本所需的通過門檻。投贊成票的人數，必須至少等於該會議上所需的贊成票數。

協會忽略的是第一個要件。一項議案即使在交回選票的人中獲得壓倒性支持，仍然可能失敗，因為交回選票的會員人數根本不夠——這與會議上因參與不足而未達法定人數是同一個問題，只是途徑不同。

沒有重新召集會議可以退而求其次

民法典第5115條讓未達法定人數的董事選舉有第二次機會，即在重新召集會議上進行，屆時只需20%即可。依照第7513條進行的書面選票表決沒有類似機制：沒有會議可以重新召集。如果回收的選票不足，該行動就等於沒有發生。在選擇這一機制之前，值得了解這種不對稱。

可撤銷性與徵集

書面選票可以在截止日期前撤銷，而徵集材料必須告知會員這一點，同時說明交回選票的截止時間，以及達到法定人數所需的回覆數量。其意義在於，正在決定是否交回選票的會員，有權知道交回選票會產生什麼作用——包括無論如何填寫，它都會計入法定人數。

電子傳送

公司法典允許在法人已取得會員同意、且設立條款（articles of incorporation）或章程未予禁止的情況下，以電子傳送方式分發和交回書面選票。這是一項獨立的許可，有別於AB 2159在《戴維斯-斯特林法》中創設的許可；協會如果就不屬於《戴維斯-斯特林法》的問題依賴公司法途徑，不應假定其依照民法典第5105條通過的選舉規則同樣適用。

禁止事項：適用累積投票時不得使用書面選票

第7615條規範累積投票——這種方式允許會員把全部票數集中投給一名候選人，從而為少數派提供進入董事會的途徑。在適用累積投票的情況下，選舉董事不能使用書面選票機制。

這一點比它的冷僻程度所顯示的更重要，因為累積投票經常出現在協會章程中，卻常常被遺忘。協會如果在未核查自身章程是否規定了累積投票的情況下，以書面選票舉行董事選舉，就造成了一個在文件上一目瞭然、又很難說成無害的瑕疵。

使用前要核查的事項

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