{
  "section": "7615",
  "code": "California Corporations Code",
  "law_code": "CORP",
  "citation": "California Corporations Code § 7615",
  "heading": "Cumulative Voting in the Election of Directors",
  "heading_is_editorial": true,
  "effective": "",
  "amended_by": "Stats. 1984, Ch. 812, Sec. 10",
  "official_credit_line": "Amended by Stats. 1984, Ch. 812, Sec. 10.",
  "official_url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CORP&sectionNum=7615.",
  "page_url": "https://quoroom.org/corp-7513",
  "verified": "two sources agree",
  "verification_note": "Effective date is NOT stated by the source: the official credit line reads only \"Amended by Stats. 1984, Ch. 812, Sec. 10.\" with no effective-date clause, so the \"effective\" field is left empty rather than inferred. The two sources also label the edition differently — the official credit line gives no date, while california.public.law labels it \"updated Jan. 1, 1984\". Under the default rule of Cal. Const. art. IV, sec. 8(c) a non-urgency statute from the 1984 regular session would take effect January 1, 1985, but that is an inference and is deliberately not recorded as fact in the \"effective\" field. The statutory TEXT itself matched on both sources. Text taken verbatim from the Legislative Counsel of California official code database (LAW_SECTION_TBL in pubinfo_2025.zip, lawCode CORP — the same data that backs leginfo.legislature.ca.gov), extracted by HTTP range request and validated against the stored CRC32. Independently compared word-by-word against california.public.law: no textual differences. The only diff-hits were whitespace artifacts around that site's hyperlinked statutory citations (e.g. \"( Section 5034 )\"). The \"heading\" field is an editorial descriptive label written for this dataset; California Corporations Code sections carry no official heading in the statutory text itself.",
  "sources": [
    {
      "url": "https://downloads.leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/pubinfo_2025.zip",
      "accessed": "2026-10-10",
      "name": "leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL, lawCode=CORP)",
      "note": "Authoritative. The leginfo.legislature.ca.gov HTML page for this section (https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=CORP&sectionNum=7615.) returned HTTP 403 (Cloudflare bot challenge) on 2026-10-10; the official bulk download of the same database was used instead. Decompressed text verified against the archive's CRC32."
    },
    {
      "url": "https://california.public.law/codes/ca_corp_code_section_7615",
      "accessed": "2026-10-10",
      "name": "California Public Law (Public.Law)",
      "note": "Independent publisher. Edition shown: labelled \"updated Jan. 1, 1984\"; the official credit line states no effective date (see notes)."
    }
  ],
  "subdivisions": [
    {
      "id": "a",
      "label": "(a)",
      "text": "If the articles or bylaws authorize cumulative voting, but not otherwise, every member entitled to vote at any election of directors may cumulate the member’s votes and give one candidate a number of votes equal to the number of directors to be elected multiplied by the number of votes to which the member is entitled, or distribute the member’s votes on the same principle among as many candidates as the member thinks fit. An article or bylaw provision authorizing cumulative voting may be repealed or amended only by approval of the members (Section 5034), except that the governing article or bylaw provision may require the vote of a greater proportion of the members, or of the members of any class, for its repeal.",
      "anchor": "https://quoroom.org/corp-7513#s7615-a"
    },
    {
      "id": "b",
      "label": "(b)",
      "text": "No member shall be entitled to cumulate votes for a candidate or candidates unless the candidate’s name or candidates’ names have been placed in nomination prior to the voting and the member has given notice at the meeting prior to the voting of the member’s intention to cumulate votes. If any one member has given this notice, all members may cumulate their votes for candidates in nomination.",
      "anchor": "https://quoroom.org/corp-7513#s7615-b"
    },
    {
      "id": "c",
      "label": "(c)",
      "text": "In any election of directors by cumulative voting, the candidates receiving the highest number of votes are elected, subject to any lawful provision specifying election by classes.",
      "anchor": "https://quoroom.org/corp-7513#s7615-c"
    },
    {
      "id": "d",
      "label": "(d)",
      "text": "In any election of directors not governed by subdivision (c), unless otherwise provided in the articles or bylaws, the candidates receiving the highest number of votes are elected.",
      "anchor": "https://quoroom.org/corp-7513#s7615-d"
    },
    {
      "id": "e",
      "label": "(e)",
      "text": "Elections for directors need not be by ballot unless a member demands election by ballot at the meeting and before the voting begins or unless the bylaws so require.",
      "anchor": "https://quoroom.org/corp-7513#s7615-e"
    }
  ]
}