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加州民法典 §§ 4340 · 4350 · 4355 · 4360 · 4365 · 4370

通过选举规则

选举规则属于运营规则，因此通过或修改选举规则，要走《戴维斯-斯特林法》规定的规则变更程序，而不是仅凭董事会表决。选举中最早的期限正是来自这一程序——也是大多数业主协会（HOA）发现得太晚的那个期限。

条文 民法典 §§ 4340, 4350, 4355, 4360, 4365, 4370 法定依据 § 5105(a) 生效 § 4360自2019-01-01起 · 其余条文自2014-01-01起 条文核实 2026-11-03

为什么有这个页面

《加州民法典》第5105条(a)不只是说协会必须制定选举规则。它规定协会应当in accordance with the procedures prescribed by Article 5 (commencing with Section 4340)（依照第5节〔自第4340条起〕规定的程序）通过这些规则。这一交叉引用的作用非常大，却很容易被一眼带过。

这意味着董事会不能在2月才决定4月改用电子投票。允许电子选票的规则必须经过通知、征求意见期、公开会议和第二次通知——之后还要在一个月内面临会员推翻的可能。我们的选举期限计算器把第一个期限定在年度会议前148天；本页说明的就是这个数字背后的算法。

本节适用于哪些规则变更

第4370条为本节设定了时间范围：本节适用于2004年1月1日或之后启动的规则变更，并且本节的任何内容都不影响在此之前启动的规则变更的效力。关键的定义在(c)款——规则变更的启动，是指董事会为通过该变更采取第一项正式行动之时。不是规则获得通过之时，也不是通知发出之时。

民法典 § 4340 — 英文原文

Operating Rule and Rule Change, Defined
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

For the purposes of this article:
(a)“Operating rule” means a regulation adopted by the board that applies generally to the management and operation of the common interest development or the conduct of the business and affairs of the association.
(b)“Rule change” means the adoption, amendment, or repeal of an operating rule by the board.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4340.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4350 — 英文原文

Requirements for a Valid Operating Rule
Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 183, Sec. 13. (SB 745) Effective January 1, 2014.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

An operating rule is valid and enforceable only if all of the following requirements are satisfied:
(a)The rule is in writing.
(b)The rule is within the authority of the board conferred by law or by the declaration, articles of incorporation or association, or bylaws of the association.
(c)The rule is not in conflict with governing law and the declaration, articles of incorporation or association, or bylaws of the association.
(d)The rule is adopted, amended, or repealed in good faith and in substantial compliance with the requirements of this article.
(e)The rule is reasonable.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4350.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4355 — 英文原文

Which Operating Rules the Rule-Change Procedure Reaches
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)Sections 4360 and 4365 only apply to an operating rule that relates to one or more of the following subjects:
(a)(1)Use of the common area or of an exclusive use common area.
(a)(2)Use of a separate interest, including any aesthetic or architectural standards that govern alteration of a separate interest.
(a)(3)Member discipline, including any schedule of monetary penalties for violation of the governing documents and any procedure for the imposition of penalties.
(a)(4)Any standards for delinquent assessment payment plans.
(a)(5)Any procedures adopted by the association for resolution of disputes.
(a)(6)Any procedures for reviewing and approving or disapproving a proposed physical change to a member’s separate interest or to the common area.
(a)(7)Procedures for elections.
(b)Sections 4360 and 4365 do not apply to the following actions by the board:
(b)(1)A decision regarding maintenance of the common area.
(b)(2)A decision on a specific matter that is not intended to apply generally.
(b)(3)A decision setting the amount of a regular or special assessment.
(b)(4)A rule change that is required by law, if the board has no discretion as to the substantive effect of the rule change.
(b)(5)Issuance of a document that merely repeats existing law or the governing documents.

来源不一致。 Subdivisions (a) and (b) open “Sections 4360 and 4365” in the Legislative Counsel's database and “Section 4360 and 4365” in California Public Law. The text here follows the official database. Everything else in the section reads identically in both.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4355.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4360 — 英文原文

Procedure for Adopting or Changing an Operating Rule
Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 836, Sec. 2. (SB 261) Effective January 1, 2019.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)The board shall provide general notice pursuant to Section 4045 of a proposed rule change at least 28 days before making the rule change. The notice shall include the text of the proposed rule change and a description of the purpose and effect of the proposed rule change. Notice is not required under this subdivision if the board determines that an immediate rule change is necessary to address an imminent threat to public health or safety or imminent risk of substantial economic loss to the association.
(b)A decision on a proposed rule change shall be made at a board meeting, after consideration of any comments made by association members.
(c)As soon as possible after making a rule change, but not more than 15 days after making the rule change, the board shall deliver general notice pursuant to Section 4045 of the rule change. If the rule change was an emergency rule change made under subdivision (d), the notice shall include the text of the rule change, a description of the purpose and effect of the rule change, and the date that the rule change expires.
(d)If the board determines that an immediate rule change is required to address an imminent threat to public health or safety, or an imminent risk of substantial economic loss to the association, it may make an emergency rule change, and no notice is required, as specified in subdivision (a). An emergency rule change is effective for 120 days, unless the rule change provides for a shorter effective period. A rule change made under this subdivision may not be readopted under this subdivision.

本条的历史版本

通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号，因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题：民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举，适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文，而不是今天的条文。

  1. SB 2612019-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 836, Sec. 2. (SB 261) Effective January 1, 2019.

    1处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (a)… of a proposed rule change at least 30 28 days before making the rule change. The …

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4360.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4370 — 英文原文

When the Rule-Change Article Applies
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)This article applies to a rule change commenced on or after January 1, 2004.
(b)Nothing in this article affects the validity of a rule change commenced before January 1, 2004.
(c)For the purposes of this section, a rule change is commenced when the board takes its first official action leading to adoption of the rule change.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4370.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4365 — 英文原文

Reversal of a Rule Change by Member Petition
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)Members of an association owning 5 percent or more of the separate interests may call a special vote of the members to reverse a rule change.
(b)A special vote of the members may be called by delivering a written request to the association. Not less than 35 days nor more than 90 days after receipt of a proper request, the association shall hold a vote of the members on whether to reverse the rule change, pursuant to Article 4 (commencing with Section 5100) of Chapter 6. The written request may not be delivered more than 30 days after the association gives general notice of the rule change, pursuant to Section 4045.
(c)For the purposes of Section 5225 of this code and Section 8330 of the Corporations Code, collection of signatures to call a special vote under this section is a purpose reasonably related to the interests of the members of the association. A member request to copy or inspect the membership list solely for that purpose may not be denied on the grounds that the purpose is not reasonably related to the member’s interests as a member.
(d)The rule change may be reversed by the affirmative vote of a majority of a quorum of the members, pursuant to Section 4070, or if the declaration or bylaws require a greater percentage, by the affirmative vote of the percentage required.
(e)Unless otherwise provided in the declaration or bylaws, for the purposes of this section, a member may cast one vote per separate interest owned.
(f)A rule change reversed under this section may not be readopted for one year after the date of the vote reversing the rule change. Nothing in this section precludes the board from adopting a different rule on the same subject as the rule change that has been reversed.
(g)As soon as possible after the close of voting, but not more than 15 days after the close of voting, the board shall provide general notice pursuant to Section 4045 of the results of the member vote.
(h)This section does not apply to an emergency rule change made under subdivision (d) of Section 4360.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4365.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

程序步骤

  1. 一般通知，至少在董事会可以采取行动之前28天发出。通知必须载有拟议规则变更的文本，并说明其目的和效果——不能只是摘要，也不能只是议程上写一行“将讨论规则”。该通知按照第4045条规定的一般通知发出。
  2. 在董事会会议上作出决定，且须在董事会考虑会员提出的意见之后。这28天就是为了收集这些意见；即使董事会一条意见也没收到，也仍然必须等满这段时间。
  3. 作出变更后15天内再次发出一般通知。不是“尽可能及时”——第4360条(c)规定的是尽快发出，且无论如何不得超过15天。
  4. 30天的期限内，会员可以提出推翻变更。拥有5%或以上独立产权单位的会员可以送达书面请求，第4365条(b)给他们自该通知起30天的时间。协会随后须在收到请求后35至90天之间举行表决。

148天从何而来

它是三个法定期间之和，从选举日往前倒推计算。

90天。依照第5105条通过的选举运营规则shall not be amended less than 90 days prior to an election（不得在选举前不足90天时修订）——§ 5105(h)(4)(B)(iii)。 2027年1月1日起这条规则本身不变，但它在法条中的位置会变。AB 1892把它从原先所在的送达方式列表中移出，单独设为一款，即§ 5105(i)。148天不受影响。 这是一条硬性底线：那一天规则怎么写，选举就按什么规则进行。
再加30天。规则变更在协会发出变更通知后的30天内，仍可能被会员请愿推翻——第4365条(b)。仍处于这一期限内的规则尚未确定。
再加28天。董事会在发出拟议规则变更通知后满28天之前，不得就该变更采取行动——第4360条(a)。

90 + 30 + 28 = 148。这个数字的前提是：董事会及时发出变更通知，而不是用足第4360条(c)允许的15天；并且让请愿期限走完，而不是赌它不会有人请愿。如果您想要一个更稳妥的数字，再加上这15天：163天。

什么算运营规则

第4340条将运营规则定义为：董事会通过的、普遍适用于开发项目的管理和运营或协会事务处理的规章。规则变更是指运营规则的通过、修订或废止。

不过，并非每一项运营规则都要经过通知程序。第4355条列出了第4360条和第4365条适用的七类事项，最后一项就是选举程序。关键就在这里：选举规则在这份清单之内，所以通知和征求意见程序以及会员的推翻权都适用于选举规则。

同一条也列出了该程序不适用的情形——维护方面的决定、针对具体事项且不打算普遍适用的决定、确定会费金额，以及法律要求且董事会对其实质内容没有裁量权的规则变更。如果董事会认为AB 2159迫使它通过电子投票规则，应当仔细阅读第四项例外：该法案允许电子投票，但并不要求，因此裁量权在董事会，该程序仍然适用。

规则有效的条件

第4350条规定了五项要求，不满足其中任何一项的规则都不可强制执行：

其中两项会以相反的方式卡住选举规则

与适用法律相冲突是实体上的陷阱。一项拒绝向欠费会员发放选票的规则，与第5105条(h)(1)相冲突，因为该项恰恰要求规则禁止这种做法。即使通过程序完全正确也无济于事；正确的程序无法使一项违法的规则生效。

实质遵守本节是程序上的陷阱，而且更厉害，因为它使通知程序成为规则有效的条件，而不只是附带的形式。未经过28天就通过的规则，不是“通过得不够完美”的规则。依照第4350条(d)，它是无效的；按照它进行的选举，等于没有任何规则——这正是第5145条要求协会证明其无害的那类瑕疵。

紧急例外及其限制

依照第4360条(d)，如果董事会认定必须立即变更规则，以应对公共健康或安全的迫切威胁，或重大经济损失的迫切风险，可以在不发出任何通知的情况下作出规则变更。

紧急规则在120天后失效，而且——关键在于——不得依照同一款再次通过。这一例外不能就同一问题使用两次，因此不能用它来应付选举。一个在3月才发现自己没有选举规则的协会，发现的不是紧急情况，而是一个已经错过的期限。

通过请愿推翻

拥有5%或以上独立产权单位的会员，可以召集会员特别表决来推翻规则变更。书面请求必须在协会发出变更通知后30天内送达，表决随后在收到请求后不少于35天、不超过90天内举行。法定人数的过半数赞成即可推翻。

推翻表决本身就是一次无记名投票选举

第4365条(b)规定该表决pursuant to Article 4 (commencing with Section 5100)（依照自第5100条起的第4节）举行——与规范董事选举的是同一节。因此它需要独立的选举监察员、无记名选票和保存，时间表也不由董事会控制。一个在年度会议前两个月通过一项有争议规则的协会，可能会发现自己要办两场选举。

还有一个后果：以这种方式被推翻的规则变更，自推翻表决之日起一年内不得再次通过——第4365条(f)。董事会可以通过另一项不同的规则，但不能是同一项。输掉这一仗，损失的是一个选举周期，而不是一个星期。

记录中应当保存什么

选举当天有效的规则版本，作为一个独立版本保存；提出变更的通知，连同其日期和送达证明；记载决定及所考虑意见的会议纪要；变更通知；以及推翻期限届满的日期。依照民法典第5145条，协会必须证明瑕疵没有影响选举结果，而一句“这是我们现行的规则”并不能证明去年春天举行的选举适用的是哪一版规则。

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