quoroom.org 查找选举监察员

加州民法典 §§ 4035 · 4040 · 4041 · 4045

通知如何送达会员

每一个选举期限都是送达期限。《戴维斯-斯特林法》规定某项通知必须在某件事发生前若干天发出，然后在别处定义“发出”是什么意思——个别发出还是一般发出、发到哪个地址、以什么作为证明。选举往往就是在这些定义上悄无声息地出了问题。

条文 民法典 §§ 4035, 4040, 4041, 4045 被引用于 §§ 4360, 5105, 5115, 5260 生效 §§ 4040, 4045自2022-01-01起 · § 4041自2023-01-01起 条文核实 2026-11-03

两种通知，本法赋予各自不同的含义

个别通知是发给某一位会员的。一般通知是向全体会员发出的。每一个选举期限都指明了其中一种；用成本较低的一种代替法条指定的那一种，即使事实上每个人都知道了，也仍然是瑕疵。

送达何时完成

送达这一节的最后两条很短，回答的是每一起有关通知的争议最终都会遇到的问题：送达在哪一刻算完成？

  1. 邮寄送达在投入美国邮政时即告完成——§ 4050(b)。不是在寄到时，也不是在会员阅读时。按时投寄的通知就是按时发出的通知，不论邮局之后如何处理。
  2. 以电子
    方式    送达在发送之时即告完成——§ 4050(c)。

民法典第4055条回答了另一半问题。如果本法要求某项内容必须采用书面形式，而该内容是依照第4040条以电子送达方式送到的，那么只要收件人在收到时能够保存该电子记录，就满足书面要求——如果发件人或其系统阻止收件人印出或储存，就不算能够保存。一个只显示文件、却不让会员保留副本的线上平台，并没有以书面形式送达该文件。

民法典 § 4035 — 英文原文

Delivery of a Document to the Association
Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 183, Sec. 8. (SB 745) Effective January 1, 2014.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)If a provision of this act requires that a document be delivered to an association, the document shall be delivered to the person designated in the annual policy statement, prepared pursuant to Section 5310, to receive documents on behalf of the association. If no person has been designated to receive documents, the document shall be delivered to the president or secretary of the association.
(b)A document delivered pursuant to this section may be delivered by any of the following methods:
(b)(1)By email, facsimile, or other electronic means, if the association has assented to that method of delivery.
(b)(2)By personal delivery, if the association has assented to that method of delivery. If the association accepts a document by personal delivery it shall provide a written receipt acknowledging delivery of the document.
(b)(3)By first-class mail, postage prepaid, registered or certified mail, express mail, or overnight delivery by an express service center.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4035.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4040 — 英文原文

Individual Delivery and Individual Notice
Repealed (in Sec. 1) and added by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 2. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022. Operative January 1, 2023, by its own provisions.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)(1)If a provision of this act requires an association to deliver a document by “individual delivery” or “individual notice,” the association shall deliver that document in accordance with the preferred delivery method specified by the member pursuant to Section 4041.
(a)(2)If the member has not provided a valid delivery method pursuant to Section 4041, the association shall deliver the document by first-class mail, registered or certified mail, express mail, or overnight delivery by an express service carrier addressed to the recipient at the address last shown on the books of the association.
(b)Upon receipt of a request by a member identifying a secondary email or mailing address for delivery of notices, pursuant to Section 5260, the association shall deliver an additional copy of both of the following to the secondary address identified in that request:
(b)(1)The documents to be delivered to the member pursuant to Article 7 (commencing with Section 5300) of Chapter 6.
(b)(2)The documents to be delivered to the member pursuant to Article 2 (commencing with Section 5650) of Chapter 8 and Section 5710.
(c)For the purposes of this section, an unrecorded provision of the governing documents providing for a particular method of delivery does not constitute agreement by a member to that method of delivery.
(d)This section shall become operative on January 1, 2023.

本条的历史版本

通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号，因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题：民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举，适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文，而不是今天的条文。

  1. SB 3922022-01-01起生效

    Repealed (in Sec. 1) and added by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 2. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022. Operative January 1, 2023, by its own provisions.

    6处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (a)If a provision of this act requires that an association deliver a document by “individual delivery” or “individual notice,” the document shall be delivered by one of the following methods:
    2. (a)(1)First-class mail, postage prepaid, registered If a provision of this act requires an association to deliver a document by “individual delivery” or certified mail, express mail, or overnight “individual notice,” the association shall deliver that document in accordance with the preferred delivery method specified by an express service carrier. The document shall be addressed the member pursuant to the recipient at the address last shown on the books of the association. Section 4041.
    3. (a)(2)Email, facsimile, If the member has not provided a valid delivery method pursuant to Section 4041, the association shall deliver the document by first-class mail, registered or other electronic means, if certified mail, express mail, or overnight delivery by an express service carrier addressed to the recipient has consented, in writing or by email, to that method at the address last shown on the books of delivery. The consent may be revoked, in writing or by email, by the recipient. association.
    4. (b)Upon receipt of a request by a member, member identifying a secondary email or mailing address for delivery of notices, pursuant to Section 5260, identifying a secondary address for delivery of notices of the following types, the association shall deliver an additional copy of those notices both of the following to the secondary address identified in the that request:
    5. (b)(2)… 2 (commencing with Section 5650) of Chapter 8, 8 and Section 5710.
    6. (d)This section shall become operative on January 1, 2023.

  2. SB 2612019-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 836, Sec. 1. (SB 261) Effective January 1, 2019.

    1处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (a)(2)E-mail, Email, facsimile, or other electronic means, if the recipient has consented, in writing, writing or by email, to that method of delivery. The consent may be revoked, in writing, writing or by email, by the recipient.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4040.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4041 — 英文原文

Member's Annual Notice of Delivery Preferences
Amended by Stats. 2022, Ch. 632, Sec. 1. (SB 1252) Effective January 1, 2023.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)A member shall, on an annual basis, provide written notice to the association of all of the following:
(a)(1)The member’s preferred delivery method for receiving notices from the association, which shall include the option of receiving notices at one or both of the following:
(a)(1)(A)A mailing address.
(a)(1)(B)A valid email address.
(a)(2)An alternate or secondary delivery method for receiving notices from the association, which shall include the option to receive notices at one or both of the following:
(a)(2)(A)A mailing address.
(a)(2)(B)A valid email address.
(a)(3)The name, mailing address, and, if available, valid email address of the owner’s legal representative, if any, including any person with power of attorney or other person who can be contacted in the event of the member’s extended absence from the separate interest.
(a)(4)Whether the separate interest is owner-occupied, is rented out, if the parcel is developed but vacant, or if the parcel is undeveloped land.
(b)(1)The association shall solicit the annual notices described in subdivision (a) of each owner and, at least 30 days before making its own required disclosure under Sections 5300 and 5310, shall enter the data into its books and records.
(b)(2)The association shall include in the solicitation required by paragraph (1) both of the following:
(b)(2)(A)Notification that the member does not have to provide an email address to the association.
(b)(2)(B)A simple method for the member to inform the association in writing that the member wishes to change their preferred delivery method for receiving notices from the association.
(c)If a member fails to provide the notices set forth in subdivision (a), the last mailing address provided in writing by the member or, if none, the property address shall be deemed to be the address to which notices are to be delivered.
(d)(1)To the extent that interests regulated in Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 11210) of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code are part of a mixed-use project where those interests comprise a portion of a common interest development, the association, as defined in Section 4080, shall be deemed compliant with this section if, at least once annually, it obtains from the time-share plan association a copy of the list described in subdivision (e) of Section 11273 of the Business and Professions Code, and enters the data into its books and records.
(d)(2)Notwithstanding subdivision (e) of Section 11273 of the Business and Professions Code, the time-share plan association shall provide the list required by paragraph (1) to the association at least annually for this purpose.
(e)For the purposes of this section, a valid email address is one that, after a notice is sent, does not result in a bounce or other error notification indicating failure of the message. If the association delivers a notice to a member’s email address and finds that the email address provided is no longer valid, the association shall resend the notice to a mailing or email address identified by the member pursuant to Section 4040.

来源不一致。 The Legislative Counsel's database and California Public Law differ in two places, and the text here follows the official database. In subdivision (b)(1) the official text reads “under Sections 5300 and 5310” where Public Law reads “under Section 5300 and 5310”. In subdivision (d)(2) the official text reads “Notwithstanding subdivision (e) of Section 11273” where Public Law reads “subdivision (a)” — a reference to a different subdivision, which is the more consequential of the two.

本条的历史版本

通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号，因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题：民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举，适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文，而不是今天的条文。

  1. SB 12522023-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2022, Ch. 632, Sec. 1. (SB 1252) Effective January 1, 2023.

    1处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (b)(1)… before making its own required disclosure under Section 5300, Sections 5300 and 5310, shall enter the data into its books and records.

  2. SB 3922022-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 3. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022.

    18处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (a)An owner of a separate interest A member shall, on an annual basis, provide written …
    2. (a)(1)The address or addresses to which member’s preferred delivery method for receiving notices from the association are to be delivered. association, which shall include the option of receiving notices at one or both of the following:
    3. (a)(1)(A)A mailing address.
    4. (a)(1)(B)A valid email address.
    5. (a)(2)An alternate or secondary address to which delivery method for receiving notices from the association are association, which shall include the option to be delivered. receive notices at one or both of the following:
    6. (a)(2)(A)A mailing address.
    7. (a)(2)(B)A valid email address.
    8. (a)(3)The name and name, mailing address, and, if available, valid email address of the owner’s legal representative, if … be contacted in the event of the owner’s member’s extended absence from the separate interest.
    9. (b)The association shall solicit these annual notices of each owner and, at least 30 days prior to making its own required disclosure under Section 5300, shall enter the data into its books and records.
    10. (b)(1)The association shall solicit the annual notices described in subdivision (a) of each owner and, at least 30 days before making its own required disclosure under Section 5300, shall enter the data into its books and records.
    11. (b)(2)The association shall include in the solicitation required by paragraph (1) both of the following:
    12. (b)(2)(A)Notification that the member does not have to provide an email address to the association.
    13. (b)(2)(B)A simple method for the member to inform the association in writing that the member wishes to change their preferred delivery method for receiving notices from the association.
    14. (c)If an owner a member fails to provide the notices set forth in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision (a), the last mailing address provided in writing by the owner member or, if none, the property address shall …
    15. (d)To the extent that interests regulated in Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 11210) of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code are part of a mixed-use project where those interests comprise a portion of a common interest development, the association, as defined in Section 4040, shall be deemed compliant with this section if, at least once annually, it obtains from the time-share plan association a copy …
    16. (d)(1)To the extent that interests regulated in Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 11210) of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code are part of a mixed-use project where those interests comprise a portion of a common interest development, the association, as defined in Section 4080, shall be deemed compliant with this section if, at least once annually, it obtains from the time-share plan association a copy …
    17. (d)(2)Notwithstanding subdivision (e) of Section 11273 of the Business and Professions Code, the time-share plan association shall provide the list required by paragraph (1) to the association at least annually for this purpose.
    18. (e)For the purposes of this section, a valid email address is one that, after a notice is sent, does not result in a bounce or other error notification indicating failure of the message. If the association delivers a notice to a member’s email address and finds that the email address provided is no longer valid, the association shall resend the notice to a mailing or email address identified by the …

  3. SB 11732019-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 91, Sec. 1. (SB 1173) Effective January 1, 2019.

    1处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (d)To the extent that interests regulated in Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 11210) of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code are part of a mixed-use project where those interests comprise a portion of a common interest development, the association, as defined in Section 4040, shall be deemed compliant with this section if, at least once annually, it obtains from the time-share plan association a copy …

  4. AB 14122018-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2017, Ch. 278, Sec. 1. (AB 1412) Effective January 1, 2018.

    由该法案增订入法典。

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4041.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4045 — 英文原文

General Delivery and General Notice
Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 4. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)If a provision of this act requires “general delivery” or “general notice,” the document shall be provided by one or more of the following methods:
(a)(1)Any method provided for delivery of an individual notice pursuant to Section 4040.
(a)(2)Inclusion in a billing statement, newsletter, or other document that is delivered by one of the methods provided in this section.
(a)(3)Posting the printed document in a prominent location that is accessible to all members, if the location has been designated for the posting of general notices by the association in the annual policy statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.
(a)(4)If the association broadcasts television programming for the purpose of distributing information on association business to its members, by inclusion in the programming.
(a)(5)If the association maintains an internet website for the purpose of distributing information on association business to its members, by posting the notice on the association’s internet website in a prominent location that is accessible to all members if designated as a location for posting general notices in the annual policy statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.
(b)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), if a member requests to receive general notices by individual delivery, all general notices to that member, given under this section, shall be delivered pursuant to Section 4040. The option provided in this subdivision shall be described in the annual policy statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.

本条的历史版本

通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号，因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题：民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举，适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文，而不是今天的条文。

  1. SB 3922022-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 4. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022.

    3处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (a)(3)… by the association in the annual policy statement, statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.
    2. (a)(5)If the association maintains an internet website for the purpose of distributing information on association business to its members, by posting the notice on the association’s internet website in a prominent location that is accessible to all members if designated as a location for posting general notices in the annual policy statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.
    3. (b)… shall be described in the annual policy statement, statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4045.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4050 — 英文原文

When Delivery of a Document Is Complete
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

(a)This section governs the delivery of a document pursuant to this act.
(b)If a document is delivered by mail, delivery is deemed to be complete on deposit into the United States mail.
(c)If a document is delivered by electronic means, delivery is complete at the time of transmission.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4050.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4055 — 英文原文

When an Electronic Record Satisfies a Writing Requirement
Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 5. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

If the association or a member receives information by electronic delivery pursuant to Section 4040, and a provision of this act requires that the information be in writing, that requirement is satisfied if the information is provided in an electronic record capable of retention by the recipient at the time of receipt. An electronic record is not capable of retention by the recipient if the sender or its information processing system inhibits the ability of the recipient to print or store the electronic record.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4055.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

个别送达以会员的选择为准，而不是协会的选择

第4040条由SB 392改写，于2023年施行。它设定的顺序很严格：协会应当按照会员指定的首选送达方式，即依照第4041条指定的方式送达。只有在会员没有提供有效方式时，协会才退而采用一类邮件（first-class mail）、挂号邮件（registered mail）、认证邮件（certified mail）、特快邮件或隔夜快递，寄往其账簿上最后记载的地址。

因此，电子邮件不是协会可以选择的方式，而是由会员选择的方式。一个协会如果因为手上有电子邮件地址、觉得这就等于获得了许可，便把选票通过电子邮件发给所有存有地址的人，那么对于从未选择这种方式的会员，它并没有送达个别通知。

管理文件中的条款不算会员的选择

第4040条(c)直接规定：管理文件中未经登记备案的、规定特定送达方式的条款，不构成会员对该方式的同意。董事会通过一项规定“通知将以电子邮件发送”的规则，并不等于同意；无论这项规则通过得多么郑重，也不能变成同意。

年度征询，以及记录为什么会过时

第4041条要求会员每年一次告知协会：首选送达方式、备用方式、任何法定代理人的联络方式，以及该单元是业主自住、出租、空置还是未开发土地。

它同时也给协会规定了义务：协会应当征询这些告知，并至少在其本身的年度披露之前30天把资料录入账簿。征询时必须告诉会员，他们完全不必提供电子邮件地址，并且必须提供一种以书面方式更改首选方式的简便途径。

如果会员没有回复，第4041条(c)规定了替代做法：采用会员最后以书面形式提供的邮寄地址；没有的话，采用物业地址。这就是每个协会的会员名册中总有一部分已经过时的真实原因——法条预见到了这种情况，给出的是一个预设做法，而不是补救办法。

这就是投票渠道的分流，而且发生在任何人选择投票方式之前

没有登记电子邮件的会员会收到纸本选票——这不是物业经理处理的例外情况，而是第4040条和第4041条正常运作的结果。这一群体通常不小，分布也从来不是随机的：他们往往集中在记录最久未更新的业主中，而这些人的选票也最常迟到或被退回无法投递。为他们做准备，就是混合选举规划。

一般通知有五种允许的方式

依照第4045条，协会可以用以下任一方式发出一般通知：任何可用于个别送达的方式；附在账单或通讯中；张贴在显眼的实体位置；通过协会的电视节目；或张贴在协会网站上。

最后两种方式有一个容易被忽略的条件：该位置——无论是实体的还是线上的——必须已依照第5310条在年度政策声明中被指定为张贴一般通知的位置。一个协会如果把选举通知张贴在从未指定过的网站上，无论张贴得多么醒目，都不算发出了一般通知。

而且任何会员都可以选择让所有通知个别送达

依照第4045条(b)，提出要求的会员会以个别方式收到每一份一般通知。年度政策声明中必须说明这一选项。因此这两类并不是固定的群体：一般通知名单上的会员是会变化的；协会如果只张贴通知、没有同时个别送达给这些会员，就是漏掉了他们——期限只对其他所有人来说才算遵守了。

反方向的送达

第4035条规范的是反方向的文件：从会员送往协会。采用一类邮件、挂号邮件或认证邮件、特快邮件或隔夜快递，寄往协会在年度政策声明中指定的地址——如果协会没有指定，则寄往协会办理业务的任何地址。如果协会已同意，电子邮件、传真或其他电子方式也算数。

这一点很重要，因为具有法律效力的会员请求必须送到，而民法典第5260条要求其中七项请求必须依照本条以书面形式送到——包括选择退出电子投票。寄往协会从未指定的途径的请求，并未送达，第5105条规定的90天截止期限也不会因此暂停。

记录必须显示什么

  1. 哪份通知属于哪一类。一般通知和个别通知是不同的义务，所需证明也不同；只记录“通知已发出”的日志，回答不了别人会问的那个问题。
  2. 个别通知须逐个会员记录：依照第4041条登记的送达方式、发送了什么、发往何处、在哪一天，以及有什么证据证明已经发出。
  3. 一般通知须记录：使用了五种方式中的哪一种，以及——如果是张贴——该位置已在当时有效的年度政策声明中指定。
  4. 改变上述任何事项的请求，按会员发送时的原样保存，并注明送到日期。见§ 5260。
  5. 基准日（record date）当时的会员名册，因为依照第4041条(c)的替代做法，所用的地址可能既不是会员会选择的，也不是协会希望用的。

相关内容