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加州民法典 §§ 4035 · 4040 · 4041 · 4045

通知如何送達會員

每一個選舉期限都是送達期限。《戴維斯-斯特林法》規定某項通知必須在某件事發生前若干天發出，然後在別處定義“發出”是什麼意思——個別發出還是一般發出、發到哪個地址、以什麼作為證明。選舉往往就是在這些定義上悄無聲息地出了問題。

條文 民法典 §§ 4035, 4040, 4041, 4045 被引用於 §§ 4360, 5105, 5115, 5260 生效 §§ 4040, 4045自2022-01-01起 · § 4041自2023-01-01起 條文核實 2026-11-03

兩種通知，本法賦予各自不同的含義

個別通知是發給某一位會員的。一般通知是向全體會員發出的。每一個選舉期限都指明瞭其中一種；用成本較低的一種代替法條指定的那一種，即使事實上每個人都知道了，也仍然是瑕疵。

送達何時完成

送達這一節的最後兩條很短，回答的是每一起有關通知的爭議最終都會遇到的問題：送達在哪一刻算完成？

  1. 郵寄送達在投入美國郵政時即告完成——§ 4050(b)。不是在寄到時，也不是在會員閱讀時。按時投寄的通知就是按時發出的通知，不論郵局之後如何處理。
  2. 以電子
    方式    送達在發送之時即告完成——§ 4050(c)。

民法典第4055條回答了另一半問題。如果本法要求某項內容必須採用書面形式，而該內容是依照第4040條以電子送達方式送到的，那麼只要收件人在收到時能夠保存該電子記錄，就滿足書面要求——如果發件人或其系統阻止收件人印出或儲存，就不算能夠保存。一個只顯示文件、卻不讓會員保留副本的線上平臺，並沒有以書面形式送達該文件。

民法典 § 4035 — 英文原文

Delivery of a Document to the Association
Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 183, Sec. 8. (SB 745) Effective January 1, 2014.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)If a provision of this act requires that a document be delivered to an association, the document shall be delivered to the person designated in the annual policy statement, prepared pursuant to Section 5310, to receive documents on behalf of the association. If no person has been designated to receive documents, the document shall be delivered to the president or secretary of the association.
(b)A document delivered pursuant to this section may be delivered by any of the following methods:
(b)(1)By email, facsimile, or other electronic means, if the association has assented to that method of delivery.
(b)(2)By personal delivery, if the association has assented to that method of delivery. If the association accepts a document by personal delivery it shall provide a written receipt acknowledging delivery of the document.
(b)(3)By first-class mail, postage prepaid, registered or certified mail, express mail, or overnight delivery by an express service center.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4035.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

民法典 § 4040 — 英文原文

Individual Delivery and Individual Notice
Repealed (in Sec. 1) and added by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 2. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022. Operative January 1, 2023, by its own provisions.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)(1)If a provision of this act requires an association to deliver a document by “individual delivery” or “individual notice,” the association shall deliver that document in accordance with the preferred delivery method specified by the member pursuant to Section 4041.
(a)(2)If the member has not provided a valid delivery method pursuant to Section 4041, the association shall deliver the document by first-class mail, registered or certified mail, express mail, or overnight delivery by an express service carrier addressed to the recipient at the address last shown on the books of the association.
(b)Upon receipt of a request by a member identifying a secondary email or mailing address for delivery of notices, pursuant to Section 5260, the association shall deliver an additional copy of both of the following to the secondary address identified in that request:
(b)(1)The documents to be delivered to the member pursuant to Article 7 (commencing with Section 5300) of Chapter 6.
(b)(2)The documents to be delivered to the member pursuant to Article 2 (commencing with Section 5650) of Chapter 8 and Section 5710.
(c)For the purposes of this section, an unrecorded provision of the governing documents providing for a particular method of delivery does not constitute agreement by a member to that method of delivery.
(d)This section shall become operative on January 1, 2023.

本條的歷史版本

通過比較加州立法顧問辦公室每個立法會期發佈一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴維斯-斯特林法》已採用現行編號，因此修改從其後的版本起記錄。這不只是存檔問題：民法典第5145條給予會員一年時間質疑選舉，適用的是選舉舉行當日的現行條文，而不是今天的條文。

  1. SB 3922022-01-01起生效

    Repealed (in Sec. 1) and added by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 2. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022. Operative January 1, 2023, by its own provisions.

    6處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. (a)If a provision of this act requires that an association deliver a document by “individual delivery” or “individual notice,” the document shall be delivered by one of the following methods:
    2. (a)(1)First-class mail, postage prepaid, registered If a provision of this act requires an association to deliver a document by “individual delivery” or certified mail, express mail, or overnight “individual notice,” the association shall deliver that document in accordance with the preferred delivery method specified by an express service carrier. The document shall be addressed the member pursuant to the recipient at the address last shown on the books of the association. Section 4041.
    3. (a)(2)Email, facsimile, If the member has not provided a valid delivery method pursuant to Section 4041, the association shall deliver the document by first-class mail, registered or other electronic means, if certified mail, express mail, or overnight delivery by an express service carrier addressed to the recipient has consented, in writing or by email, to that method at the address last shown on the books of delivery. The consent may be revoked, in writing or by email, by the recipient. association.
    4. (b)Upon receipt of a request by a member, member identifying a secondary email or mailing address for delivery of notices, pursuant to Section 5260, identifying a secondary address for delivery of notices of the following types, the association shall deliver an additional copy of those notices both of the following to the secondary address identified in the that request:
    5. (b)(2)… 2 (commencing with Section 5650) of Chapter 8, 8 and Section 5710.
    6. (d)This section shall become operative on January 1, 2023.

  2. SB 2612019-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 836, Sec. 1. (SB 261) Effective January 1, 2019.

    1處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. (a)(2)E-mail, Email, facsimile, or other electronic means, if the recipient has consented, in writing, writing or by email, to that method of delivery. The consent may be revoked, in writing, writing or by email, by the recipient.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4040.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

民法典 § 4041 — 英文原文

Member's Annual Notice of Delivery Preferences
Amended by Stats. 2022, Ch. 632, Sec. 1. (SB 1252) Effective January 1, 2023.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)A member shall, on an annual basis, provide written notice to the association of all of the following:
(a)(1)The member’s preferred delivery method for receiving notices from the association, which shall include the option of receiving notices at one or both of the following:
(a)(1)(A)A mailing address.
(a)(1)(B)A valid email address.
(a)(2)An alternate or secondary delivery method for receiving notices from the association, which shall include the option to receive notices at one or both of the following:
(a)(2)(A)A mailing address.
(a)(2)(B)A valid email address.
(a)(3)The name, mailing address, and, if available, valid email address of the owner’s legal representative, if any, including any person with power of attorney or other person who can be contacted in the event of the member’s extended absence from the separate interest.
(a)(4)Whether the separate interest is owner-occupied, is rented out, if the parcel is developed but vacant, or if the parcel is undeveloped land.
(b)(1)The association shall solicit the annual notices described in subdivision (a) of each owner and, at least 30 days before making its own required disclosure under Sections 5300 and 5310, shall enter the data into its books and records.
(b)(2)The association shall include in the solicitation required by paragraph (1) both of the following:
(b)(2)(A)Notification that the member does not have to provide an email address to the association.
(b)(2)(B)A simple method for the member to inform the association in writing that the member wishes to change their preferred delivery method for receiving notices from the association.
(c)If a member fails to provide the notices set forth in subdivision (a), the last mailing address provided in writing by the member or, if none, the property address shall be deemed to be the address to which notices are to be delivered.
(d)(1)To the extent that interests regulated in Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 11210) of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code are part of a mixed-use project where those interests comprise a portion of a common interest development, the association, as defined in Section 4080, shall be deemed compliant with this section if, at least once annually, it obtains from the time-share plan association a copy of the list described in subdivision (e) of Section 11273 of the Business and Professions Code, and enters the data into its books and records.
(d)(2)Notwithstanding subdivision (e) of Section 11273 of the Business and Professions Code, the time-share plan association shall provide the list required by paragraph (1) to the association at least annually for this purpose.
(e)For the purposes of this section, a valid email address is one that, after a notice is sent, does not result in a bounce or other error notification indicating failure of the message. If the association delivers a notice to a member’s email address and finds that the email address provided is no longer valid, the association shall resend the notice to a mailing or email address identified by the member pursuant to Section 4040.

來源不一致。 The Legislative Counsel's database and California Public Law differ in two places, and the text here follows the official database. In subdivision (b)(1) the official text reads “under Sections 5300 and 5310” where Public Law reads “under Section 5300 and 5310”. In subdivision (d)(2) the official text reads “Notwithstanding subdivision (e) of Section 11273” where Public Law reads “subdivision (a)” — a reference to a different subdivision, which is the more consequential of the two.

本條的歷史版本

通過比較加州立法顧問辦公室每個立法會期發佈一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴維斯-斯特林法》已採用現行編號，因此修改從其後的版本起記錄。這不只是存檔問題：民法典第5145條給予會員一年時間質疑選舉，適用的是選舉舉行當日的現行條文，而不是今天的條文。

  1. SB 12522023-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2022, Ch. 632, Sec. 1. (SB 1252) Effective January 1, 2023.

    1處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. (b)(1)… before making its own required disclosure under Section 5300, Sections 5300 and 5310, shall enter the data into its books and records.

  2. SB 3922022-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 3. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022.

    18處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. (a)An owner of a separate interest A member shall, on an annual basis, provide written …
    2. (a)(1)The address or addresses to which member’s preferred delivery method for receiving notices from the association are to be delivered. association, which shall include the option of receiving notices at one or both of the following:
    3. (a)(1)(A)A mailing address.
    4. (a)(1)(B)A valid email address.
    5. (a)(2)An alternate or secondary address to which delivery method for receiving notices from the association are association, which shall include the option to be delivered. receive notices at one or both of the following:
    6. (a)(2)(A)A mailing address.
    7. (a)(2)(B)A valid email address.
    8. (a)(3)The name and name, mailing address, and, if available, valid email address of the owner’s legal representative, if … be contacted in the event of the owner’s member’s extended absence from the separate interest.
    9. (b)The association shall solicit these annual notices of each owner and, at least 30 days prior to making its own required disclosure under Section 5300, shall enter the data into its books and records.
    10. (b)(1)The association shall solicit the annual notices described in subdivision (a) of each owner and, at least 30 days before making its own required disclosure under Section 5300, shall enter the data into its books and records.
    11. (b)(2)The association shall include in the solicitation required by paragraph (1) both of the following:
    12. (b)(2)(A)Notification that the member does not have to provide an email address to the association.
    13. (b)(2)(B)A simple method for the member to inform the association in writing that the member wishes to change their preferred delivery method for receiving notices from the association.
    14. (c)If an owner a member fails to provide the notices set forth in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision (a), the last mailing address provided in writing by the owner member or, if none, the property address shall …
    15. (d)To the extent that interests regulated in Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 11210) of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code are part of a mixed-use project where those interests comprise a portion of a common interest development, the association, as defined in Section 4040, shall be deemed compliant with this section if, at least once annually, it obtains from the time-share plan association a copy …
    16. (d)(1)To the extent that interests regulated in Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 11210) of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code are part of a mixed-use project where those interests comprise a portion of a common interest development, the association, as defined in Section 4080, shall be deemed compliant with this section if, at least once annually, it obtains from the time-share plan association a copy …
    17. (d)(2)Notwithstanding subdivision (e) of Section 11273 of the Business and Professions Code, the time-share plan association shall provide the list required by paragraph (1) to the association at least annually for this purpose.
    18. (e)For the purposes of this section, a valid email address is one that, after a notice is sent, does not result in a bounce or other error notification indicating failure of the message. If the association delivers a notice to a member’s email address and finds that the email address provided is no longer valid, the association shall resend the notice to a mailing or email address identified by the …

  3. SB 11732019-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 91, Sec. 1. (SB 1173) Effective January 1, 2019.

    1處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. (d)To the extent that interests regulated in Chapter 2 (commencing with Section 11210) of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Business and Professions Code are part of a mixed-use project where those interests comprise a portion of a common interest development, the association, as defined in Section 4040, shall be deemed compliant with this section if, at least once annually, it obtains from the time-share plan association a copy …

  4. AB 14122018-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2017, Ch. 278, Sec. 1. (AB 1412) Effective January 1, 2018.

    由該法案增訂入法典。

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4041.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

民法典 § 4045 — 英文原文

General Delivery and General Notice
Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 4. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)If a provision of this act requires “general delivery” or “general notice,” the document shall be provided by one or more of the following methods:
(a)(1)Any method provided for delivery of an individual notice pursuant to Section 4040.
(a)(2)Inclusion in a billing statement, newsletter, or other document that is delivered by one of the methods provided in this section.
(a)(3)Posting the printed document in a prominent location that is accessible to all members, if the location has been designated for the posting of general notices by the association in the annual policy statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.
(a)(4)If the association broadcasts television programming for the purpose of distributing information on association business to its members, by inclusion in the programming.
(a)(5)If the association maintains an internet website for the purpose of distributing information on association business to its members, by posting the notice on the association’s internet website in a prominent location that is accessible to all members if designated as a location for posting general notices in the annual policy statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.
(b)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), if a member requests to receive general notices by individual delivery, all general notices to that member, given under this section, shall be delivered pursuant to Section 4040. The option provided in this subdivision shall be described in the annual policy statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.

本條的歷史版本

通過比較加州立法顧問辦公室每個立法會期發佈一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴維斯-斯特林法》已採用現行編號，因此修改從其後的版本起記錄。這不只是存檔問題：民法典第5145條給予會員一年時間質疑選舉，適用的是選舉舉行當日的現行條文，而不是今天的條文。

  1. SB 3922022-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 4. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022.

    3處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. (a)(3)… by the association in the annual policy statement, statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.
    2. (a)(5)If the association maintains an internet website for the purpose of distributing information on association business to its members, by posting the notice on the association’s internet website in a prominent location that is accessible to all members if designated as a location for posting general notices in the annual policy statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.
    3. (b)… shall be described in the annual policy statement, statement prepared pursuant to Section 5310.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4045.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

民法典 § 4050 — 英文原文

When Delivery of a Document Is Complete
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

(a)This section governs the delivery of a document pursuant to this act.
(b)If a document is delivered by mail, delivery is deemed to be complete on deposit into the United States mail.
(c)If a document is delivered by electronic means, delivery is complete at the time of transmission.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4050.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

民法典 § 4055 — 英文原文

When an Electronic Record Satisfies a Writing Requirement
Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 640, Sec. 5. (SB 392) Effective January 1, 2022.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

If the association or a member receives information by electronic delivery pursuant to Section 4040, and a provision of this act requires that the information be in writing, that requirement is satisfied if the information is provided in an electronic record capable of retention by the recipient at the time of receipt. An electronic record is not capable of retention by the recipient if the sender or its information processing system inhibits the ability of the recipient to print or store the electronic record.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4055.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

個別送達以會員的選擇為準，而不是協會的選擇

第4040條由SB 392改寫，於2023年施行。它設定的順序很嚴格：協會應當按照會員指定的首選送達方式，即依照第4041條指定的方式送達。只有在會員沒有提供有效方式時，協會才退而採用一類郵件（first-class mail）、掛號郵件（registered mail）、認證郵件（certified mail）、特快郵件或隔夜快遞，寄往其帳簿上最後記載的地址。

因此，電子郵件不是協會可以選擇的方式，而是由會員選擇的方式。一個協會如果因為手上有電子郵件地址、覺得這就等於獲得了許可，便把選票通過電子郵件發給所有存有地址的人，那麼對於從未選擇這種方式的會員，它並沒有送達個別通知。

管理文件中的條款不算會員的選擇

第4040條(c)直接規定：管理文件中未經登記備案的、規定特定送達方式的條款，不構成會員對該方式的同意。董事會通過一項規定“通知將以電子郵件發送”的規則，並不等於同意；無論這項規則通過得多麼鄭重，也不能變成同意。

年度徵詢，以及記錄為什麼會過時

第4041條要求會員每年一次告知協會：首選送達方式、備用方式、任何法定代理人的聯絡方式，以及該單元是業主自住、出租、空置還是未開發土地。

它同時也給協會規定了義務：協會應當徵詢這些告知，並至少在其本身的年度披露之前30天把資料錄入帳簿。徵詢時必須告訴會員，他們完全不必提供電子郵件地址，並且必須提供一種以書面方式更改首選方式的簡便途徑。

如果會員沒有回覆，第4041條(c)規定了替代做法：採用會員最後以書面形式提供的郵寄地址；沒有的話，採用物業地址。這就是每個協會的會員名冊中總有一部分已經過時的真實原因——法條預見到了這種情況，給出的是一個預設做法，而不是補救辦法。

這就是投票渠道的分流，而且發生在任何人選擇投票方式之前

沒有登記電子郵件的會員會收到紙本選票——這不是物業經理處理的例外情況，而是第4040條和第4041條正常運作的結果。這一群體通常不小，分佈也從來不是隨機的：他們往往集中在記錄最久未更新的業主中，而這些人的選票也最常遲到或被退回無法投遞。為他們做準備，就是混合選舉規劃。

一般通知有五種允許的方式

依照第4045條，協會可以用以下任一方式發出一般通知：任何可用於個別送達的方式；附在帳單或通訊中；張貼在顯眼的實體位置；通過協會的電視節目；或張貼在協會網站上。

最後兩種方式有一個容易被忽略的條件：該位置——無論是實體的還是線上的——必須已依照第5310條在年度政策聲明中被指定為張貼一般通知的位置。一個協會如果把選舉通知張貼在從未指定過的網站上，無論張貼得多麼醒目，都不算發出了一般通知。

而且任何會員都可以選擇讓所有通知個別送達

依照第4045條(b)，提出要求的會員會以個別方式收到每一份一般通知。年度政策聲明中必須說明這一選項。因此這兩類並不是固定的群體：一般通知名單上的會員是會變化的；協會如果只張貼通知、沒有同時個別送達給這些會員，就是漏掉了他們——期限只對其他所有人來說才算遵守了。

反方向的送達

第4035條規範的是反方向的文件：從會員送往協會。採用一類郵件、掛號郵件或認證郵件、特快郵件或隔夜快遞，寄往協會在年度政策聲明中指定的地址——如果協會沒有指定，則寄往協會辦理業務的任何地址。如果協會已同意，電子郵件、傳真或其他電子方式也算數。

這一點很重要，因為具有法律效力的會員請求必須送到，而民法典第5260條要求其中七項請求必須依照本條以書面形式送到——包括選擇退出電子投票。寄往協會從未指定的途徑的請求，並未送達，第5105條規定的90天截止期限也不會因此暫停。

記錄必須顯示什麼

  1. 哪份通知屬於哪一類。一般通知和個別通知是不同的義務，所需證明也不同；只記錄“通知已發出”的日誌，回答不了別人會問的那個問題。
  2. 個別通知須逐個會員記錄：依照第4041條登記的送達方式、發送了什麼、發往何處、在哪一天，以及有什麼證據證明已經發出。
  3. 一般通知須記錄：使用了五種方式中的哪一種，以及——如果是張貼——該位置已在當時有效的年度政策聲明中指定。
  4. 改變上述任何事項的請求，按會員發送時的原樣保存，並註明送到日期。見§ 5260。
  5. 基準日（record date）當時的會員名冊，因為依照第4041條(c)的替代做法，所用的地址可能既不是會員會選擇的，也不是協會希望用的。

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