加州民法典 §§ 4340 · 4350 · 4355 · 4360 · 4365 · 4370
通過選舉規則
選舉規則屬於運營規則,因此通過或修改選舉規則,要走《戴維斯-斯特林法》規定的規則變更程序,而不是僅憑董事會表決。選舉中最早的期限正是來自這一程序——也是大多數業主協會(HOA)發現得太晚的那個期限。
條文 民法典 §§ 4340, 4350, 4355, 4360, 4365, 4370
法定依據 § 5105(a)
生效 § 4360自2019-01-01起 · 其餘條文自2014-01-01起
條文核實 2026-11-03
為什麼有這個頁面
《加州民法典》第5105條(a)不只是說協會必須制定選舉規則。它規定協會應當in accordance with the procedures prescribed by Article 5
(commencing with Section 4340)(依照第5節〔自第4340條起〕規定的程序)通過這些規則。這一交叉引用的作用非常大,卻很容易被一眼帶過。
這意味著董事會不能在2月才決定4月改用電子投票。允許電子選票的規則必須經過通知、徵求意見期、公開會議和第二次通知——之後還要在一個月內面臨會員推翻的可能。我們的選舉期限計算器把第一個期限定在年度會議前148天;本頁說明的就是這個數字背後的算法。
本節適用於哪些規則變更
第4370條為本節設定了時間範圍:本節適用於2004年1月1日或之後啟動的規則變更,並且本節的任何內容都不影響在此之前啟動的規則變更的效力。關鍵的定義在(c)款——規則變更的啟動,是指董事會為通過該變更採取第一項正式行動之時。不是規則獲得通過之時,也不是通知發出之時。
民法典 § 4340 — 英文原文
Operating Rule and Rule Change, Defined
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
For the purposes of this article:
(a)“Operating rule” means a regulation adopted by the board that applies generally to the management and operation of the common interest development or the conduct of the business and affairs of the association.
(b)“Rule change” means the adoption, amendment, or repeal of an operating rule by the board.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4340.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4350 — 英文原文
Requirements for a Valid Operating Rule
Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 183, Sec. 13. (SB 745) Effective January 1, 2014.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
An operating rule is valid and enforceable only if all of the following requirements are satisfied:
(a)The rule is in writing.
(b)The rule is within the authority of the board conferred by law or by the declaration, articles of incorporation or association, or bylaws of the association.
(c)The rule is not in conflict with governing law and the declaration, articles of incorporation or association, or bylaws of the association.
(d)The rule is adopted, amended, or repealed in good faith and in substantial compliance with the requirements of this article.
(e)The rule is reasonable.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4350.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4355 — 英文原文
Which Operating Rules the Rule-Change Procedure Reaches
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)Sections 4360 and 4365 only apply to an operating rule that relates to one or more of the following subjects:
(a)(1)Use of the common area or of an exclusive use common area.
(a)(2)Use of a separate interest, including any aesthetic or architectural standards that govern alteration of a separate interest.
(a)(3)Member discipline, including any schedule of monetary penalties for violation of the governing documents and any procedure for the imposition of penalties.
(a)(4)Any standards for delinquent assessment payment plans.
(a)(5)Any procedures adopted by the association for resolution of disputes.
(a)(6)Any procedures for reviewing and approving or disapproving a proposed physical change to a member’s separate interest or to the common area.
(a)(7)Procedures for elections.
(b)Sections 4360 and 4365 do not apply to the following actions by the board:
(b)(1)A decision regarding maintenance of the common area.
(b)(2)A decision on a specific matter that is not intended to apply generally.
(b)(3)A decision setting the amount of a regular or special assessment.
(b)(4)A rule change that is required by law, if the board has no discretion as to the substantive effect of the rule change.
(b)(5)Issuance of a document that merely repeats existing law or the governing documents.
來源不一致。 Subdivisions (a) and (b) open “Sections 4360 and 4365” in the Legislative Counsel's database and “Section 4360 and 4365” in California Public Law. The text here follows the official database. Everything else in the section reads identically in both.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4355.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4360 — 英文原文
Procedure for Adopting or Changing an Operating Rule
Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 836, Sec. 2. (SB 261) Effective January 1, 2019.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)The board shall provide general notice pursuant to Section 4045 of a proposed rule change at least 28 days before making the rule change. The notice shall include the text of the proposed rule change and a description of the purpose and effect of the proposed rule change. Notice is not required under this subdivision if the board determines that an immediate rule change is necessary to address an imminent threat to public health or safety or imminent risk of substantial economic loss to the association.
(b)A decision on a proposed rule change shall be made at a board meeting, after consideration of any comments made by association members.
(c)As soon as possible after making a rule change, but not more than 15 days after making the rule change, the board shall deliver general notice pursuant to Section 4045 of the rule change. If the rule change was an emergency rule change made under subdivision (d), the notice shall include the text of the rule change, a description of the purpose and effect of the rule change, and the date that the rule change expires.
(d)If the board determines that an immediate rule change is required to address an imminent threat to public health or safety, or an imminent risk of substantial economic loss to the association, it may make an emergency rule change, and no notice is required, as specified in subdivision (a). An emergency rule change is effective for 120 days, unless the rule change provides for a shorter effective period. A rule change made under this subdivision may not be readopted under this subdivision.
本條的歷史版本
通過比較加州立法顧問辦公室每個立法會期發佈一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版,其中《戴維斯-斯特林法》已採用現行編號,因此修改從其後的版本起記錄。這不只是存檔問題:民法典第5145條給予會員一年時間質疑選舉,適用的是選舉舉行當日的現行條文,而不是今天的條文。
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SB 2612019-01-01起生效
Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 836, Sec. 2. (SB 261) Effective January 1, 2019.
1處分項修改
查看修改內容
- (a)… of a proposed rule change at least
30 28 days before making the rule change. The …
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4360.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4370 — 英文原文
When the Rule-Change Article Applies
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)This article applies to a rule change commenced on or after January 1, 2004.
(b)Nothing in this article affects the validity of a rule change commenced before January 1, 2004.
(c)For the purposes of this section, a rule change is commenced when the board takes its first official action leading to adoption of the rule change.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4370.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4365 — 英文原文
Reversal of a Rule Change by Member Petition
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)Members of an association owning 5 percent or more of the separate interests may call a special vote of the members to reverse a rule change.
(b)A special vote of the members may be called by delivering a written request to the association. Not less than 35 days nor more than 90 days after receipt of a proper request, the association shall hold a vote of the members on whether to reverse the rule change, pursuant to Article 4 (commencing with Section 5100) of Chapter 6. The written request may not be delivered more than 30 days after the association gives general notice of the rule change, pursuant to Section 4045.
(c)For the purposes of Section 5225 of this code and Section 8330 of the Corporations Code, collection of signatures to call a special vote under this section is a purpose reasonably related to the interests of the members of the association. A member request to copy or inspect the membership list solely for that purpose may not be denied on the grounds that the purpose is not reasonably related to the member’s interests as a member.
(d)The rule change may be reversed by the affirmative vote of a majority of a quorum of the members, pursuant to Section 4070, or if the declaration or bylaws require a greater percentage, by the affirmative vote of the percentage required.
(e)Unless otherwise provided in the declaration or bylaws, for the purposes of this section, a member may cast one vote per separate interest owned.
(f)A rule change reversed under this section may not be readopted for one year after the date of the vote reversing the rule change. Nothing in this section precludes the board from adopting a different rule on the same subject as the rule change that has been reversed.
(g)As soon as possible after the close of voting, but not more than 15 days after the close of voting, the board shall provide general notice pursuant to Section 4045 of the results of the member vote.
(h)This section does not apply to an emergency rule change made under subdivision (d) of Section 4360.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4365.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
程序步驟
- 一般通知,至少在董事會可以採取行動之前28天發出。通知必須載有擬議規則變更的文本,並說明其目的和效果——不能只是摘要,也不能只是議程上寫一行“將討論規則”。該通知按照第4045條規定的一般通知發出。
- 在董事會會議上作出決定,且須在董事會考慮會員提出的意見之後。這28天就是為了收集這些意見;即使董事會一條意見也沒收到,也仍然必須等滿這段時間。
- 作出變更後15天內再次發出一般通知。不是“儘可能及時”——第4360條(c)規定的是儘快發出,且無論如何不得超過15天。
- 30天的期限內,會員可以提出推翻變更。擁有5%或以上獨立產權單位的會員可以送達書面請求,第4365條(b)給他們自該通知起30天的時間。協會隨後須在收到請求後35至90天之間舉行表決。
148天從何而來
它是三個法定期間之和,從選舉日往前倒推計算。
90天。依照第5105條通過的選舉運營規則shall not be amended
less than 90 days prior to an election(不得在選舉前不足90天時修訂)——§ 5105(h)(4)(B)(iii)。
2027年1月1日起這條規則本身不變,但它在法條中的位置會變。AB 1892把它從原先所在的送達方式列表中移出,單獨設為一款,即§ 5105(i)。148天不受影響。
這是一條硬性底線:那一天規則怎麼寫,選舉就按什麼規則進行。
再加30天。規則變更在協會發出變更通知後的30天內,仍可能被會員請願推翻——第4365條(b)。仍處於這一期限內的規則尚未確定。
再加28天。董事會在發出擬議規則變更通知後滿28天之前,不得就該變更採取行動——第4360條(a)。
90 + 30 + 28 = 148。這個數字的前提是:董事會及時發出變更通知,而不是用足第4360條(c)允許的15天;並且讓請願期限走完,而不是賭它不會有人請願。如果您想要一個更穩妥的數字,再加上這15天:163天。
什麼算運營規則
第4340條將運營規則定義為:董事會通過的、普遍適用於開發項目的管理和運營或協會事務處理的規章。規則變更是指運營規則的通過、修訂或廢止。
不過,並非每一項運營規則都要經過通知程序。第4355條列出了第4360條和第4365條適用的七類事項,最後一項就是選舉程序。關鍵就在這裡:選舉規則在這份清單之內,所以通知和徵求意見程序以及會員的推翻權都適用於選舉規則。
同一條也列出了該程序不適用的情形——維護方面的決定、針對具體事項且不打算普遍適用的決定、確定會費金額,以及法律要求且董事會對其實質內容沒有裁量權的規則變更。如果董事會認為AB 2159迫使它通過電子投票規則,應當仔細閱讀第四項例外:該法案允許電子投票,但並不要求,因此裁量權在董事會,該程序仍然適用。
規則有效的條件
第4350條規定了五項要求,不滿足其中任何一項的規則都不可強制執行:
- 採用書面形式。
- 在董事會的權限範圍內,該權限來自法律,或來自聲明書、設立條款或章程。
- 不相沖突,即不與適用法律或上述文件相沖突。
- 以誠信方式通過、修訂或廢止,並實質遵守本節的要求——也就是上文所述的第4360條程序。
- 合理。
其中兩項會以相反的方式卡住選舉規則
與適用法律相沖突是實體上的陷阱。一項拒絕向欠費會員發放選票的規則,與第5105條(h)(1)相沖突,因為該項恰恰要求規則禁止這種做法。即使通過程序完全正確也無濟於事;正確的程序無法使一項違法的規則生效。
實質遵守本節是程序上的陷阱,而且更厲害,因為它使通知程序成為規則有效的條件,而不只是附帶的形式。未經過28天就通過的規則,不是“通過得不夠完美”的規則。依照第4350條(d),它是無效的;按照它進行的選舉,等於沒有任何規則——這正是第5145條要求協會證明其無害的那類瑕疵。
緊急例外及其限制
依照第4360條(d),如果董事會認定必須立即變更規則,以應對公共健康或安全的迫切威脅,或重大經濟損失的迫切風險,可以在不發出任何通知的情況下作出規則變更。
緊急規則在120天後失效,而且——關鍵在於——不得依照同一款再次通過。這一例外不能就同一問題使用兩次,因此不能用它來應付選舉。一個在3月才發現自己沒有選舉規則的協會,發現的不是緊急情況,而是一個已經錯過的期限。
通過請願推翻
擁有5%或以上獨立產權單位的會員,可以召集會員特別表決來推翻規則變更。書面請求必須在協會發出變更通知後30天內送達,表決隨後在收到請求後不少於35天、不超過90天內舉行。法定人數的過半數贊成即可推翻。
推翻表決本身就是一次無記名投票選舉
第4365條(b)規定該表決pursuant to Article 4 (commencing with Section 5100)(依照自第5100條起的第4節)舉行——與規範董事選舉的是同一節。因此它需要獨立的選舉監察員、無記名選票和保存,時間表也不由董事會控制。一個在年度會議前兩個月通過一項有爭議規則的協會,可能會發現自己要辦兩場選舉。
還有一個後果:以這種方式被推翻的規則變更,自推翻表決之日起一年內不得再次通過——第4365條(f)。董事會可以通過另一項不同的規則,但不能是同一項。輸掉這一仗,損失的是一個選舉週期,而不是一個星期。
記錄中應當保存什麼
選舉當天有效的規則版本,作為一個獨立版本保存;提出變更的通知,連同其日期和送達證明;記載決定及所考慮意見的會議紀要;變更通知;以及推翻期限屆滿的日期。依照民法典第5145條,協會必須證明瑕疵沒有影響選舉結果,而一句“這是我們現行的規則”並不能證明去年春天舉行的選舉適用的是哪一版規則。
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