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加州民法典 §§ 5125、5200

保存與查閱

選票計完之後，並不會變成廢紙。選票、已簽名的信封、選民名單、候選人登記名單和委託書都會成為協會選舉材料——由業主協會（HOA）保管，並供會員查閱。

條文 民法典 § 5125 · § 5200 修訂 § 5125: AB 2159 (2024) · § 5200: SB 410 (2025) 相關內容 § 5145 · § 5120 生效 § 5125自2025-01-01起生效 · § 5200自2026-01-01起生效 條文核實 2026-11-03

民法典 § 5125 — 英文原文

Custody of Ballots and Election Materials
Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 383, Sec. 5. (AB 2159) Effective January 1, 2025.

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

The sealed ballots, signed voter envelopes, voter list, proxies, candidate registration list, and tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot shall at all times be in the custody of the inspector or inspectors of elections or at a location designated by the inspector or inspectors until after the tabulation of the vote, and until the time allowed by Section 5145 for challenging the election has expired, at which time custody shall be transferred to the association. If there is a recount or other challenge to the election process, the inspector or inspectors of elections shall, upon written request, make the ballots and the tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot available for inspection and review by an association member or the member’s authorized representative. Any recount shall be conducted in a manner that preserves the confidentiality of the vote.

本條的歷史版本

通過比較加州立法顧問辦公室每個立法會期發佈一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴維斯-斯特林法》已採用現行編號，因此修改從其後的版本起記錄。這不只是存檔問題：民法典第5145條給予會員一年時間質疑選舉，適用的是選舉舉行當日的現行條文，而不是今天的條文。

  1. AB 21592025-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 383, Sec. 5. (AB 2159) Effective January 1, 2025.

    1處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. The sealed ballots, signed voter envelopes, voter list, proxies, and candidate registration list list, and tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot shall at all times be in the … shall, upon written request, make the ballots and the tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot available for inspection and review by an …

  2. SB 3232020-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 848, Sec. 5. (SB 323) Effective January 1, 2020.

    1處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. The sealed ballots ballots, signed voter envelopes, voter list, proxies, and candidate registration list shall at all times shall be in the custody of the inspector …

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/5125.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

民法典 § 5200 — 英文原文

Definitions for Record Inspection Article
Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 516, Sec. 3. (SB 410) Effective January 1, 2026.
由AB 739修訂，2027年1月1日起生效

條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。

For the purposes of this article, the following definitions shall apply:
(a)“Association records” means all of the following:
(a)(1)Any financial document required to be provided to a member in Article 7 (commencing with Section 5300) or in Sections 5565 and 5810.
(a)(2)Any financial document or statement required to be provided in Article 2 (commencing with Section 4525) of Chapter 4.
(a)(3)Interim financial statements, periodic or as compiled, containing any of the following:
(a)(3)(A)Balance sheet.
(a)(3)(B)Income and expense statement.
(a)(3)(C)Budget comparison.
(a)(3)(D)General ledger. A “general ledger” is a report that shows all transactions that occurred in an association account over a specified period of time.
(a)(3) [concluding text]The records described in this paragraph shall be prepared in accordance with an accrual or modified accrual basis of accounting.
(a)(4)Executed contracts not otherwise privileged under law.
(a)(5)Written board approval of vendor or contractor proposals or invoices.
(a)(6)State and federal tax returns.
(a)(7)Reserve account balances and records of payments made from reserve accounts.
(a)(8)Agendas and minutes of meetings of the members, the board, and any committees appointed by the board pursuant to Section 7212 of the Corporations Code; excluding, however, minutes and other information from executive sessions of the board as described in Article 2 (commencing with Section 4900).
(a)(9)Membership lists, including name, property address, mailing address, email address, as collected by the association in accordance with Section 4041 where applicable, but not including information for members who have opted out pursuant to Section 5220.
(a)(10)Check registers.
(a)(11)The governing documents.
(a)(12)An accounting prepared pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 5520.
(a)(13)An “enhanced association record” as defined in subdivision (b).
(a)(14)“Association election materials” as defined in subdivision (c).
(a)(15)All inspector’s reports compiled pursuant to Section 5551.
(b)“Enhanced association records” means invoices, receipts, and canceled checks for payments made by the association, purchase orders approved by the association, bank account statements for bank accounts in which assessments are deposited or withdrawn, credit card statements for credit cards issued in the name of the association, statements for services rendered, and reimbursement requests submitted to the association.
(c)“Association election materials” means returned ballots, signed voter envelopes, the voter list of names, parcel numbers, and voters to whom ballots were to be sent, proxies, the candidate registration list, and the tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot. Signed voter envelopes may be inspected but may not be copied. An association shall maintain association election materials for one year after the date of the election.

來源不一致。 Second-source discrepancy in (a)(1): the official Legislative Counsel database reads "in Sections 5565 and 5810" (plural), while california.public.law renders "in Section 5565 and 5810". The official reading is adopted as authoritative; the public.law form appears to be an artifact of that site's automatic citation linking, and the plural is grammatically required by the two cited sections. No other word-level differences between the two sources. Text taken verbatim from the Legislative Counsel of California official code database (LAW_SECTION_TBL in pubinfo_2025.zip, the same data that backs leginfo.legislature.ca.gov) and independently compared word-by-word against california.public.law. The only differences were whitespace artifacts around hyperlinked section citations on public.law (e.g. "Section 5105 ."), not textual differences. The "heading" field is an editorial descriptive label written for this dataset; California Civil Code sections carry no official heading in the statutory text itself.

本條的歷史版本

通過比較加州立法顧問辦公室每個立法會期發佈一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴維斯-斯特林法》已採用現行編號，因此修改從其後的版本起記錄。這不只是存檔問題：民法典第5145條給予會員一年時間質疑選舉，適用的是選舉舉行當日的現行條文，而不是今天的條文。

  1. SB 4102026-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 516, Sec. 3. (SB 410) Effective January 1, 2026.

    3處分項修改 · AB 2159、SB 410的合併結果

    查看修改內容
    1. (a)(15)All inspector’s reports compiled pursuant to Section 5551.
    2. (b)“Enhanced association records” means invoices, receipts receipts, and canceled checks for payments made by …
    3. (c)… whom ballots were to be sent, proxies, and the candidate registration list. list, and the tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot. Signed voter envelopes may be inspected but …

  2. SB 4322022-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 642, Sec. 4. (SB 432) Effective January 1, 2022.

    3處分項修改 · SB 392、SB 432的合併結果

    查看修改內容
    1. (a)(9)Membership lists, including name, property address, mailing address, and email address, as collected by the association in accordance with Section 4041 where applicable, but not including information for members who have opted out pursuant to Section 5220.
    2. (b)… association, purchase orders approved by the association, bank account statements for bank accounts in which assessments are deposited or withdrawn, credit card statements for credit cards issued …
    3. (c)… be inspected but may not be copied. An association shall maintain association election materials for one year after the date of the election.

  3. SB 3232020-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 848, Sec. 7. (SB 323) Effective January 1, 2020.

    4處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. (a)(8)… Section 7212 of the Corporations Code; excluding, however,minutes however, minutes and other information from executive sessions of …
    2. (a)(9)Membership lists, including name, property address, mailing address, and mailing email address, but not including information for members who have opted out pursuant to Section 5220.
    3. (a)(14)“Association election materials” as defined in subdivision (c).
    4. (c)“Association election materials” means returned ballots, signed voter envelopes, the voter list of names, parcel numbers, and voters to whom ballots were to be sent, proxies, and the candidate registration list. Signed voter envelopes may be inspected but may not be copied.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/5200.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。

哪些材料會成為記錄

這個範圍比人們預想的要寬，而關鍵恰恰在於其寬度：這些材料合在一起，必須足以讓一個當時不在場的人也能還原出選舉是否妥善進行。

有三樣東西雖未列舉，卻是每一項抗辯的依據：按會員逐一記錄的通知已發出的證據；顯示誰有權以電子方式投票、誰已更改投票方式的同意登記冊；以及當時適用的選舉規則版本——須作為當時的特定版本保存，而不是以規則現在碰巧的寫法代替。

保存期限與質疑期限掛鉤

對於有瑕疵的無記名投票選舉，會員可以在結果公佈後一年內提起訴訟。在質疑期限（challenge window）屆滿前就到期的保存，恰恰會在最需要的時候失效——因此，實際的保存期限取決於《加州民法典》第5145條，而不是存儲是否方便。

查閱不會揭開無記名投票

會員查閱選舉材料的權利，是核實程序的權利，而不是瞭解鄰居如何投票的權利。記錄必須允許前者，又不能使後者成為可能——這是一個系統要麼在設計上就具備、要麼事後無法獲得的特性。關於為何這種分離必須是結構性的，見民法典第5120條。

保管

這些材料屬於協會，不屬於監察員，也不屬於供應商。如果監察員在聘用結束後仍持有這些材料，或者平臺保存材料的條款使取回材料須以有效訂閱為前提，就製造了一個協會會在最糟糕的時候才發現的問題。

有兩個問題值得在選舉之前、而不是之後向任何服務提供者提出：聘用結束後，材料存放在哪裡？如果合作關係終止，協會會收到什麼？答案應當是一套完整、可攜帶、無需供應商軟件即可閱讀的記錄。

沒人預先考慮的衝突

保存是一項留存資料的義務，而隱私法賦予個人要求刪除其資料的權利。對於只在加州運營的協會，這種矛盾可以處理；但對於跨司法管轄區運營的物業經理或平臺——比如同時在加州和歐洲運營——這是一個必須在第一次選舉之前、而不是在第一次收到請求時就回答的設計問題。

解決之道不是在兩部法律之間二選一，而是制定一份書面的保存期限表，說明保存什麼、依據什麼法律、保存多久、到期後如何處理——並在系統設計上使個人資料可以從證據記錄中分離出來，而不破壞記錄的完整性。

無法重演的記錄算不上什麼記錄

保存選票能證明提交了什麼，但不能證明結果是如何得出的。協會還需要基準日（record date）當時的選民名冊、當時的規則，以及可以根據這些輸入重現的計票記錄——否則，要回答民法典第5145條真正提出的問題，即瑕疵是否改變了結果，就只能憑記憶去對抗法定推定。

實際做法

  1. 將選舉封存為一套固定材料。在核證結果時，這些材料不再是工作文件，而成為記錄：逐項列舉、密封，並列入監察員的報告。
  2. 保存輸入，而不僅是輸出。基準日的選民名冊、規則版本、同意登記冊、通知送達證據、委託書、選票。
  3. 使記錄在沒有您的情況下也能讀懂。採用開放格式，附一份清單，不依賴運行中的系統來解讀。
  4. 預先安排結束。事先規定保存期限，與質疑期限掛鉤，並有書面的銷燬步驟——而不是任由檔案不斷增長，直到有人在慌亂中把它刪除。

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