quoroom.org 查找选举监察员

加州民法典 §§ 5125、5200

保存与查阅

选票计完之后，并不会变成废纸。选票、已签名的信封、选民名单、候选人登记名单和委托书都会成为协会选举材料——由业主协会（HOA）保管，并供会员查阅。

条文 民法典 § 5125 · § 5200 修订 § 5125: AB 2159 (2024) · § 5200: SB 410 (2025) 相关内容 § 5145 · § 5120 生效 § 5125自2025-01-01起生效 · § 5200自2026-01-01起生效 条文核实 2026-11-03

民法典 § 5125 — 英文原文

Custody of Ballots and Election Materials
Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 383, Sec. 5. (AB 2159) Effective January 1, 2025.

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

The sealed ballots, signed voter envelopes, voter list, proxies, candidate registration list, and tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot shall at all times be in the custody of the inspector or inspectors of elections or at a location designated by the inspector or inspectors until after the tabulation of the vote, and until the time allowed by Section 5145 for challenging the election has expired, at which time custody shall be transferred to the association. If there is a recount or other challenge to the election process, the inspector or inspectors of elections shall, upon written request, make the ballots and the tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot available for inspection and review by an association member or the member’s authorized representative. Any recount shall be conducted in a manner that preserves the confidentiality of the vote.

本条的历史版本

通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号，因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题：民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举，适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文，而不是今天的条文。

  1. AB 21592025-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2024, Ch. 383, Sec. 5. (AB 2159) Effective January 1, 2025.

    1处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. The sealed ballots, signed voter envelopes, voter list, proxies, and candidate registration list list, and tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot shall at all times be in the … shall, upon written request, make the ballots and the tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot available for inspection and review by an …

  2. SB 3232020-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 848, Sec. 5. (SB 323) Effective January 1, 2020.

    1处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. The sealed ballots ballots, signed voter envelopes, voter list, proxies, and candidate registration list shall at all times shall be in the custody of the inspector …

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/5125.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 5200 — 英文原文

Definitions for Record Inspection Article
Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 516, Sec. 3. (SB 410) Effective January 1, 2026.
由AB 739修订，2027年1月1日起生效

条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。

For the purposes of this article, the following definitions shall apply:
(a)“Association records” means all of the following:
(a)(1)Any financial document required to be provided to a member in Article 7 (commencing with Section 5300) or in Sections 5565 and 5810.
(a)(2)Any financial document or statement required to be provided in Article 2 (commencing with Section 4525) of Chapter 4.
(a)(3)Interim financial statements, periodic or as compiled, containing any of the following:
(a)(3)(A)Balance sheet.
(a)(3)(B)Income and expense statement.
(a)(3)(C)Budget comparison.
(a)(3)(D)General ledger. A “general ledger” is a report that shows all transactions that occurred in an association account over a specified period of time.
(a)(3) [concluding text]The records described in this paragraph shall be prepared in accordance with an accrual or modified accrual basis of accounting.
(a)(4)Executed contracts not otherwise privileged under law.
(a)(5)Written board approval of vendor or contractor proposals or invoices.
(a)(6)State and federal tax returns.
(a)(7)Reserve account balances and records of payments made from reserve accounts.
(a)(8)Agendas and minutes of meetings of the members, the board, and any committees appointed by the board pursuant to Section 7212 of the Corporations Code; excluding, however, minutes and other information from executive sessions of the board as described in Article 2 (commencing with Section 4900).
(a)(9)Membership lists, including name, property address, mailing address, email address, as collected by the association in accordance with Section 4041 where applicable, but not including information for members who have opted out pursuant to Section 5220.
(a)(10)Check registers.
(a)(11)The governing documents.
(a)(12)An accounting prepared pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 5520.
(a)(13)An “enhanced association record” as defined in subdivision (b).
(a)(14)“Association election materials” as defined in subdivision (c).
(a)(15)All inspector’s reports compiled pursuant to Section 5551.
(b)“Enhanced association records” means invoices, receipts, and canceled checks for payments made by the association, purchase orders approved by the association, bank account statements for bank accounts in which assessments are deposited or withdrawn, credit card statements for credit cards issued in the name of the association, statements for services rendered, and reimbursement requests submitted to the association.
(c)“Association election materials” means returned ballots, signed voter envelopes, the voter list of names, parcel numbers, and voters to whom ballots were to be sent, proxies, the candidate registration list, and the tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot. Signed voter envelopes may be inspected but may not be copied. An association shall maintain association election materials for one year after the date of the election.

来源不一致。 Second-source discrepancy in (a)(1): the official Legislative Counsel database reads "in Sections 5565 and 5810" (plural), while california.public.law renders "in Section 5565 and 5810". The official reading is adopted as authoritative; the public.law form appears to be an artifact of that site's automatic citation linking, and the plural is grammatically required by the two cited sections. No other word-level differences between the two sources. Text taken verbatim from the Legislative Counsel of California official code database (LAW_SECTION_TBL in pubinfo_2025.zip, the same data that backs leginfo.legislature.ca.gov) and independently compared word-by-word against california.public.law. The only differences were whitespace artifacts around hyperlinked section citations on public.law (e.g. "Section 5105 ."), not textual differences. The "heading" field is an editorial descriptive label written for this dataset; California Civil Code sections carry no official heading in the statutory text itself.

本条的历史版本

通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版，其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号，因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题：民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举，适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文，而不是今天的条文。

  1. SB 4102026-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 516, Sec. 3. (SB 410) Effective January 1, 2026.

    3处分项修改 · AB 2159、SB 410的合并结果

    查看修改内容
    1. (a)(15)All inspector’s reports compiled pursuant to Section 5551.
    2. (b)“Enhanced association records” means invoices, receipts receipts, and canceled checks for payments made by …
    3. (c)… whom ballots were to be sent, proxies, and the candidate registration list. list, and the tally sheet of votes cast by electronic secret ballot. Signed voter envelopes may be inspected but …

  2. SB 4322022-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 642, Sec. 4. (SB 432) Effective January 1, 2022.

    3处分项修改 · SB 392、SB 432的合并结果

    查看修改内容
    1. (a)(9)Membership lists, including name, property address, mailing address, and email address, as collected by the association in accordance with Section 4041 where applicable, but not including information for members who have opted out pursuant to Section 5220.
    2. (b)… association, purchase orders approved by the association, bank account statements for bank accounts in which assessments are deposited or withdrawn, credit card statements for credit cards issued …
    3. (c)… be inspected but may not be copied. An association shall maintain association election materials for one year after the date of the election.

  3. SB 3232020-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 848, Sec. 7. (SB 323) Effective January 1, 2020.

    4处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (a)(8)… Section 7212 of the Corporations Code; excluding, however,minutes however, minutes and other information from executive sessions of …
    2. (a)(9)Membership lists, including name, property address, mailing address, and mailing email address, but not including information for members who have opted out pursuant to Section 5220.
    3. (a)(14)“Association election materials” as defined in subdivision (c).
    4. (c)“Association election materials” means returned ballots, signed voter envelopes, the voter list of names, parcel numbers, and voters to whom ballots were to be sent, proxies, and the candidate registration list. Signed voter envelopes may be inspected but may not be copied.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/5200.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。

哪些材料会成为记录

这个范围比人们预想的要宽，而关键恰恰在于其宽度：这些材料合在一起，必须足以让一个当时不在场的人也能还原出选举是否妥善进行。

有三样东西虽未列举，却是每一项抗辩的依据：按会员逐一记录的通知已发出的证据；显示谁有权以电子方式投票、谁已更改投票方式的同意登记册；以及当时适用的选举规则版本——须作为当时的特定版本保存，而不是以规则现在碰巧的写法代替。

保存期限与质疑期限挂钩

对于有瑕疵的无记名投票选举，会员可以在结果公布后一年内提起诉讼。在质疑期限（challenge window）届满前就到期的保存，恰恰会在最需要的时候失效——因此，实际的保存期限取决于《加州民法典》第5145条，而不是存储是否方便。

查阅不会揭开无记名投票

会员查阅选举材料的权利，是核实程序的权利，而不是了解邻居如何投票的权利。记录必须允许前者，又不能使后者成为可能——这是一个系统要么在设计上就具备、要么事后无法获得的特性。关于为何这种分离必须是结构性的，见民法典第5120条。

保管

这些材料属于协会，不属于监察员，也不属于供应商。如果监察员在聘用结束后仍持有这些材料，或者平台保存材料的条款使取回材料须以有效订阅为前提，就制造了一个协会会在最糟糕的时候才发现的问题。

有两个问题值得在选举之前、而不是之后向任何服务提供者提出：聘用结束后，材料存放在哪里？如果合作关系终止，协会会收到什么？答案应当是一套完整、可携带、无需供应商软件即可阅读的记录。

没人预先考虑的冲突

保存是一项留存资料的义务，而隐私法赋予个人要求删除其资料的权利。对于只在加州运营的协会，这种矛盾可以处理；但对于跨司法管辖区运营的物业经理或平台——比如同时在加州和欧洲运营——这是一个必须在第一次选举之前、而不是在第一次收到请求时就回答的设计问题。

解决之道不是在两部法律之间二选一，而是制定一份书面的保存期限表，说明保存什么、依据什么法律、保存多久、到期后如何处理——并在系统设计上使个人资料可以从证据记录中分离出来，而不破坏记录的完整性。

无法重演的记录算不上什么记录

保存选票能证明提交了什么，但不能证明结果是如何得出的。协会还需要基准日（record date）当时的选民名册、当时的规则，以及可以根据这些输入重现的计票记录——否则，要回答民法典第5145条真正提出的问题，即瑕疵是否改变了结果，就只能凭记忆去对抗法定推定。

实际做法

  1. 将选举封存为一套固定材料。在核证结果时，这些材料不再是工作文件，而成为记录：逐项列举、密封，并列入监察员的报告。
  2. 保存输入，而不仅是输出。基准日的选民名册、规则版本、同意登记册、通知送达证据、委托书、选票。
  3. 使记录在没有您的情况下也能读懂。采用开放格式，附一份清单，不依赖运行中的系统来解读。
  4. 预先安排结束。事先规定保存期限，与质疑期限挂钩，并有书面的销毁步骤——而不是任由档案不断增长，直到有人在慌乱中把它删除。

相关内容