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加州 · 戴维斯-斯特林法 · 2026年1月1日起生效

灾后重建,以及协会现在必须遵守的期限。

SB 625在本法中增订了两条。第一条规定,任何限制只要阻碍重建原有建筑,在该范围内即属无效。第二条给建筑委员会30天、然后45天、再然后60天的期限——并规定错过期限的后果。

条文 民法典 §§ 4752, 4766 相关法案 SB 625 · 2025年法规第548章 生效 2026-01-01 条文核实 2026-11-03

这两条都是新法。大多数业主协会(HOA)上次修订建筑指引时,这两条都还不存在,而且两者都不能通过约定排除:《加州民法典》第4752条直接宣告限制本身无效,第4766条则不论管理文件如何规定,都约束审查程序。

什么算灾害

民法典第4752条(c)(1)规定了三种途径,满足其中任何一种即可:

  1. 联邦政府宣布的灾害状态或紧急状态。
  2. 依照《加州政府法典》第8625条由州长宣布的紧急状态。
  3. 地方管理机构或官员依照政府法典第8630条宣布的地方紧急状态。

在这里,县一级的宣布与联邦宣布同样有效。该条适用于在灾害中已经被摧毁或损坏的建筑物;它没有规定灾害与重建之间的时间窗口,也没有任何内容把灾害限于2026年1月1日之后发生的灾害。这个日期约束的是审查,而不是火灾。

基本相同的重建——五项标准

这项保护并不是随意重建的一般权利。它适用于一种有明确定义的方案,民法典第4752条(c)(3)以五项标准加以界定,五项必须全部满足:

  1. 地方建筑规范。如果建筑许可证被地方机构视为批准,方案即视为符合规范——因此,市政府迟迟不处理的许可证,不能成为协会拒绝的理由。
  2. 室内可居住面积不超过原有面积的110%(以建筑物受损或被毁时的面积为准)。
  3. 外部占地——要么与原来的位置和外部尺寸相同,要么与地块侧边界和后边界的退缩距离至少四英尺。这是两种选择,不是两项要求。
  4. 高度不超过原高度的110%或管理文件允许高度的100%——以较高者为准。如果协会的高度限制较宽松,就不能用原来的屋顶线来施加更严格的限制。
  5. 建筑物被毁时有效的任何客观设计标准——但仅以不会不合理地增加建造成本、实际上禁止建造或完全剥夺重建能力为限。

“客观”有定义,而定义起着决定作用

民法典第4752条(c)(2):指不涉及个人或主观判断、并可对照外部基准统一核实的标准,而该基准须在提交申请之前,申请人和协会双方都能取得并知悉。以度数表示的屋顶坡度是客观的。要求房屋必须符合街区风格,或要求委员会认定设计协调的规则,则不是客观的——而不客观的标准,并不在重建必须满足的事项之列。

审查期限

只要基本相同的重建提交给审批机构,就适用民法典第4766条——第4766条(h)(1)将审批机构定义为协会、建筑审查委员会或任何类似机构,因此给委员会改名也不会改变什么。所有期限都按日历日计算,而不是工作日。

  1. 30天内以书面形式决定申请是否完整——§ 4766(b)(1)。
  2. 45天内(自申请完整之日起)批准申请,或退回全套意见并提出全面的修改要求——§ 4766(c)。
  3. 60天内就申诉作出最终书面决定——§ 4766(e)(2)。

如果申请不完整,审批机构必须说明,并同时提供所缺项目清单以及如何补正的说明——而不是先拒绝、理由以后再给。业主随后可以重新提交。

两项有约束力的规定

沉默即视为申请完整

民法典第4766条(b)(3):如果审批机构未及时作出决定,申请即视为完整。不是被拒绝,也不是期限中止——而是完整,这会启动就实质内容作出决定的45天期限。协会如果任由委员会整个夏天毫无动静,就等于以不作为作出了决定。

规则在提交申请之日即告固定

适用的标准是审批机构在首次提交申请时有效的、依法通过的标准——民法典第4766条(c)(1)和(c)(2)都这样规定。重新提交时,第4766条(b)(2)(B)禁止审批机构要求提供首次提交申请时文件中未列为必要的项目。

两者合起来,堵住了一个明显的规避手段:在申请待决期间通过新的指引,并将其适用于该申请。新指引对今后的申请可能完全有效,但不能追溯适用于已经在审的申请。

批准即告终结

民法典第4766条(f)(1):审批机构一旦批准,不得再让申请人接受任何申诉或额外的听证会。不满意结果的邻居不能再借委员会获得第二次机会。(f)(2)中唯一的例外,是申请人自己偏离了获批的方案——这是执行批准,而不是重新审议。

律师费:单向判给

民法典第4752条(b)和第4766条(g)都规定,法院应当判给胜诉的业主或申请人合理的律师费。是“应当”,不是“可以”——而且只有一个方向。协会败诉要付费,业主败诉则不必。对于正在考虑是否在重建问题上坚持不让的董事会来说,这种不对称是实际情况,而不是起草上的细节。

申诉向何处提出

民法典第4766条(e)(1)将申诉交由第4765条(本法关于建筑审查的一般条文)规定的程序处理,并增加了书面决定须在60天内作出的限制。因此,关于由谁决定、以及在作出决定前陈述意见的权利的一般规则继续适用;SB 625增加的是答复的期限。

民法典 § 4752 — 英文原文

Rebuilding After a Disaster — Substantially Similar Reconstruction
Added by Stats. 2025, Ch. 548, Sec. 1. (SB 625) Effective January 1, 2026.
由SB 1433修订,2027年1月1日起生效

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Any covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument, and any provision of a governing document shall be void and unenforceable to the extent that it prohibits, or includes conditions that have the effect of prohibiting, a substantially similar reconstruction of a residential structure that was destroyed or damaged in a disaster.
(b)A court shall award reasonable attorney’s fees to the owner of a separate interest in a common interest development who prevails in an action to enforce this section.
(c)For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:
(c)(1)“Disaster” means any of the following:
(c)(1)(A)A state of disaster or emergency declared by the federal government.
(c)(1)(B)A state of emergency proclaimed by the Governor pursuant to Section 8625 of the Government Code.
(c)(1)(C)A local emergency proclaimed by a local governing body or official pursuant to Section 8630 of the Government Code.
(c)(2)“Objective design standard” means a standard that involves no personal or subjective judgment and is uniformly verifiable by reference to an external and uniform benchmark or criterion available and knowable by both the applicant and the association before submittal.
(c)(3)“Substantially similar reconstruction of a residential structure” means a proposal that rebuilds a residential structure on a separate interest located in a common interest development that complies with all of the following:
(c)(3)(A)(i)The local building code.
(c)(3)(A)(ii)For purposes of this subparagraph, a proposal shall be considered to be in compliance with the local building code if the building permit is deemed approved by the local agency with appropriate jurisdiction.
(c)(3)(B)The interior livable square footage of the rebuilt residential structure will not exceed 110 percent of the square footage that existed when the structure was damaged or destroyed.
(c)(3)(C)The exterior footprint of the rebuilt residential structure will meet either of the following:
(c)(3)(C)(i)The rebuilt residential structure will be constructed in the same location and to the same exterior dimensions as the structure that was damaged or destroyed.
(c)(3)(C)(ii)The setbacks for the rebuilt residential structure will be at least four feet from the side and rear lot lines.
(c)(3)(D)The height of the rebuilt residential structure will not exceed 110 percent of the height that existed when the residential structure was damaged or destroyed, or 100 percent of the height allowed by the governing documents of the association in effect at the time the proposal was submitted, whichever is greater.
(c)(3)(E)Any objective design standard in effect at the time the original residential structure was destroyed or damaged in a disaster, provided that the standard does not unreasonably increase the cost to construct, effectively prohibit the construction of, or extinguish the ability to otherwise rebuild, a substantially similar residential structure.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4752.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4766 — 英文原文

Architectural Review of a Disaster Reconstruction — Time Limits
Added by Stats. 2025, Ch. 548, Sec. 2. (SB 625) Effective January 1, 2026.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Any covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument, and any provision of a governing document that subjects a substantially similar reconstruction of a residential structure that was destroyed or damaged in a disaster to review by a body shall be processed and approved in accordance with this section.
(b)(1)The body shall determine whether an application is complete or incomplete and provide written notice of this determination to the applicant no later than 30 calendar days after the body receives the application.
(b)(2)If the body determines that an application is incomplete, the body shall simultaneously provide the applicant with a list of incomplete items and a description of how the application can be made complete.
(b)(2)(A)After receiving a notice that the application is incomplete, an applicant may cure and address the items that are deemed incomplete by the body by resubmitting the application.
(b)(2)(B)In the review of an application resubmitted pursuant to subparagraph (A), the body shall not require the applicant to include an item that was not identified as necessary in covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument, and any provision of a governing document in effect at the time the application was originally submitted.
(b)(2)(C)(i)If an applicant resubmits an application pursuant to subparagraph (A), the body shall determine whether the additional application has remedied all incomplete items listed in the determination issued pursuant to this paragraph.
(b)(2)(C)(ii)The review and determination of the resubmitted application shall be subject to the timelines and requirements specified in this subdivision.
(b)(3)If the body does not make a timely determination as required by this subdivision, the application or resubmitted application shall be deemed to be complete for the purposes of this section.
(c)Once an application is deemed complete, the body shall conduct any review of the proposed modification to the separate interest, including a substantially similar reconstruction of a residential structure, and do either of the following within 45 calendar days:
(c)(1)If the body determines that the complete application is not compliant with the body’s lawfully adopted standards in effect at the time the application was first submitted, the body shall return in writing a full set of comments to the applicant with a comprehensive request for revisions.
(c)(2)If the body determines that the complete application is compliant with the body’s lawfully adopted standards in effect at the time the application was first submitted, the body shall approve the application and notify the applicant accordingly.
(d)(1)If a body finds that a complete application is noncompliant, the body shall provide the applicant with a list of items that are noncompliant and a description of how the application can be remedied by the applicant within the time limits specified in subdivision (b).
(d)(2)The body shall provide the list and description authorized by paragraph (1) when it transmits its determination to the applicant as required by subdivision (b).
(d)(3)If a body denies an application based on a determination that the application is noncompliant, the applicant may attempt to remedy the application.
(d)(4)If an applicant submits an application pursuant to paragraph (3), the additional application is subject to the timelines of a new application as specified in subdivision (b).
(e)(1)If an application is determined to be incomplete pursuant to subdivision (b) or determined to be noncompliant pursuant to subdivision (d), the body shall provide a process for the applicant to appeal that decision pursuant to Section 4765.
(e)(2)The body shall provide a final written determination on the appeal no later than 60 calendar days after receipt of the applicant’s written appeal.
(f)(1)Once a body approves an application pursuant to this section, the body shall not subject the applicant to any appeals or additional hearings.
(f)(2)The prohibition described in paragraph (1) does not apply to the applicant’s noncompliance with the approved application.
(g)A court shall award reasonable attorney’s fees to the applicant who prevails in an action to enforce this section.
(h)For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:
(h)(1)“Body” means an association, architectural review committee, or similar body.
(h)(2)“Disaster” has the same meaning as in Section 4752.
(h)(3)“Substantially similar reconstruction of a residential structure” has the same meaning as in Section 4752.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4766.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

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