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加州 · 戴維斯-斯特林法 · 2026年1月1日起生效

災後重建,以及協會現在必須遵守的期限。

SB 625在本法中增訂了兩條。第一條規定,任何限制只要阻礙重建原有建築,在該範圍內即屬無效。第二條給建築委員會30天、然後45天、再然後60天的期限——並規定錯過期限的後果。

條文 民法典 §§ 4752, 4766 相關法案 SB 625 · 2025年法規第548章 生效 2026-01-01 條文核實 2026-11-03

這兩條都是新法。大多數業主協會(HOA)上次修訂建築指引時,這兩條都還不存在,而且兩者都不能通過約定排除:《加州民法典》第4752條直接宣告限制本身無效,第4766條則不論管理文件如何規定,都約束審查程序。

什麼算災害

民法典第4752條(c)(1)規定了三種途徑,滿足其中任何一種即可:

  1. 聯邦政府宣佈的災害狀態或緊急狀態。
  2. 依照《加州政府法典》第8625條由州長宣佈的緊急狀態。
  3. 地方管理機構或官員依照政府法典第8630條宣佈的地方緊急狀態。

在這裡,縣一級的宣佈與聯邦宣佈同樣有效。該條適用於在災害中已經被摧毀或損壞的建築物;它沒有規定災害與重建之間的時間窗口,也沒有任何內容把災害限於2026年1月1日之後發生的災害。這個日期約束的是審查,而不是火災。

基本相同的重建——五項標準

這項保護並不是隨意重建的一般權利。它適用於一種有明確定義的方案,民法典第4752條(c)(3)以五項標準加以界定,五項必須全部滿足:

  1. 地方建築規範。如果建築許可證被地方機構視為批准,方案即視為符合規範——因此,市政府遲遲不處理的許可證,不能成為協會拒絕的理由。
  2. 室內可居住面積不超過原有面積的110%(以建築物受損或被毀時的面積為準)。
  3. 外部佔地——要麼與原來的位置和外部尺寸相同,要麼與地塊側邊界和後邊界的退縮距離至少四英尺。這是兩種選擇,不是兩項要求。
  4. 高度不超過原高度的110%或管理文件允許高度的100%——以較高者為準。如果協會的高度限制較寬鬆,就不能用原來的屋頂線來施加更嚴格的限制。
  5. 建築物被毀時有效的任何客觀設計標準——但僅以不會不合理地增加建造成本、實際上禁止建造或完全剝奪重建能力為限。

“客觀”有定義,而定義起著決定作用

民法典第4752條(c)(2):指不涉及個人或主觀判斷、並可對照外部基準統一核實的標準,而該基準須在提交申請之前,申請人和協會雙方都能取得並知悉。以度數表示的屋頂坡度是客觀的。要求房屋必須符合街區風格,或要求委員會認定設計協調的規則,則不是客觀的——而不客觀的標準,並不在重建必須滿足的事項之列。

審查期限

只要基本相同的重建提交給審批機構,就適用民法典第4766條——第4766條(h)(1)將審批機構定義為協會、建築審查委員會或任何類似機構,因此給委員會改名也不會改變什麼。所有期限都按日曆日計算,而不是工作日。

  1. 30天內以書面形式決定申請是否完整——§ 4766(b)(1)。
  2. 45天內(自申請完整之日起)批准申請,或退回全套意見並提出全面的修改要求——§ 4766(c)。
  3. 60天內就申訴作出最終書面決定——§ 4766(e)(2)。

如果申請不完整,審批機構必須說明,並同時提供所缺項目清單以及如何補正的說明——而不是先拒絕、理由以後再給。業主隨後可以重新提交。

兩項有約束力的規定

沉默即視為申請完整

民法典第4766條(b)(3):如果審批機構未及時作出決定,申請即視為完整。不是被拒絕,也不是期限中止——而是完整,這會啟動就實質內容作出決定的45天期限。協會如果任由委員會整個夏天毫無動靜,就等於以不作為作出了決定。

規則在提交申請之日即告固定

適用的標準是審批機構在首次提交申請時有效的、依法通過的標準——民法典第4766條(c)(1)和(c)(2)都這樣規定。重新提交時,第4766條(b)(2)(B)禁止審批機構要求提供首次提交申請時文件中未列為必要的項目。

兩者合起來,堵住了一個明顯的規避手段:在申請待決期間通過新的指引,並將其適用於該申請。新指引對今後的申請可能完全有效,但不能追溯適用於已經在審的申請。

批准即告終結

民法典第4766條(f)(1):審批機構一旦批准,不得再讓申請人接受任何申訴或額外的聽證會。不滿意結果的鄰居不能再借委員會獲得第二次機會。(f)(2)中唯一的例外,是申請人自己偏離了獲批的方案——這是執行批准,而不是重新審議。

律師費:單向判給

民法典第4752條(b)和第4766條(g)都規定,法院應當判給勝訴的業主或申請人合理的律師費。是“應當”,不是“可以”——而且只有一個方向。協會敗訴要付費,業主敗訴則不必。對於正在考慮是否在重建問題上堅持不讓的董事會來說,這種不對稱是實際情況,而不是起草上的細節。

申訴向何處提出

民法典第4766條(e)(1)將申訴交由第4765條(本法關於建築審查的一般條文)規定的程序處理,並增加了書面決定須在60天內作出的限制。因此,關於由誰決定、以及在作出決定前陳述意見的權利的一般規則繼續適用;SB 625增加的是答覆的期限。

民法典 § 4752 — 英文原文

Rebuilding After a Disaster — Substantially Similar Reconstruction
Added by Stats. 2025, Ch. 548, Sec. 1. (SB 625) Effective January 1, 2026.
由SB 1433修訂,2027年1月1日起生效

條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。

(a)Any covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument, and any provision of a governing document shall be void and unenforceable to the extent that it prohibits, or includes conditions that have the effect of prohibiting, a substantially similar reconstruction of a residential structure that was destroyed or damaged in a disaster.
(b)A court shall award reasonable attorney’s fees to the owner of a separate interest in a common interest development who prevails in an action to enforce this section.
(c)For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:
(c)(1)“Disaster” means any of the following:
(c)(1)(A)A state of disaster or emergency declared by the federal government.
(c)(1)(B)A state of emergency proclaimed by the Governor pursuant to Section 8625 of the Government Code.
(c)(1)(C)A local emergency proclaimed by a local governing body or official pursuant to Section 8630 of the Government Code.
(c)(2)“Objective design standard” means a standard that involves no personal or subjective judgment and is uniformly verifiable by reference to an external and uniform benchmark or criterion available and knowable by both the applicant and the association before submittal.
(c)(3)“Substantially similar reconstruction of a residential structure” means a proposal that rebuilds a residential structure on a separate interest located in a common interest development that complies with all of the following:
(c)(3)(A)(i)The local building code.
(c)(3)(A)(ii)For purposes of this subparagraph, a proposal shall be considered to be in compliance with the local building code if the building permit is deemed approved by the local agency with appropriate jurisdiction.
(c)(3)(B)The interior livable square footage of the rebuilt residential structure will not exceed 110 percent of the square footage that existed when the structure was damaged or destroyed.
(c)(3)(C)The exterior footprint of the rebuilt residential structure will meet either of the following:
(c)(3)(C)(i)The rebuilt residential structure will be constructed in the same location and to the same exterior dimensions as the structure that was damaged or destroyed.
(c)(3)(C)(ii)The setbacks for the rebuilt residential structure will be at least four feet from the side and rear lot lines.
(c)(3)(D)The height of the rebuilt residential structure will not exceed 110 percent of the height that existed when the residential structure was damaged or destroyed, or 100 percent of the height allowed by the governing documents of the association in effect at the time the proposal was submitted, whichever is greater.
(c)(3)(E)Any objective design standard in effect at the time the original residential structure was destroyed or damaged in a disaster, provided that the standard does not unreasonably increase the cost to construct, effectively prohibit the construction of, or extinguish the ability to otherwise rebuild, a substantially similar residential structure.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4752.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。

民法典 § 4766 — 英文原文

Architectural Review of a Disaster Reconstruction — Time Limits
Added by Stats. 2025, Ch. 548, Sec. 2. (SB 625) Effective January 1, 2026.

條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。

(a)Any covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument, and any provision of a governing document that subjects a substantially similar reconstruction of a residential structure that was destroyed or damaged in a disaster to review by a body shall be processed and approved in accordance with this section.
(b)(1)The body shall determine whether an application is complete or incomplete and provide written notice of this determination to the applicant no later than 30 calendar days after the body receives the application.
(b)(2)If the body determines that an application is incomplete, the body shall simultaneously provide the applicant with a list of incomplete items and a description of how the application can be made complete.
(b)(2)(A)After receiving a notice that the application is incomplete, an applicant may cure and address the items that are deemed incomplete by the body by resubmitting the application.
(b)(2)(B)In the review of an application resubmitted pursuant to subparagraph (A), the body shall not require the applicant to include an item that was not identified as necessary in covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument, and any provision of a governing document in effect at the time the application was originally submitted.
(b)(2)(C)(i)If an applicant resubmits an application pursuant to subparagraph (A), the body shall determine whether the additional application has remedied all incomplete items listed in the determination issued pursuant to this paragraph.
(b)(2)(C)(ii)The review and determination of the resubmitted application shall be subject to the timelines and requirements specified in this subdivision.
(b)(3)If the body does not make a timely determination as required by this subdivision, the application or resubmitted application shall be deemed to be complete for the purposes of this section.
(c)Once an application is deemed complete, the body shall conduct any review of the proposed modification to the separate interest, including a substantially similar reconstruction of a residential structure, and do either of the following within 45 calendar days:
(c)(1)If the body determines that the complete application is not compliant with the body’s lawfully adopted standards in effect at the time the application was first submitted, the body shall return in writing a full set of comments to the applicant with a comprehensive request for revisions.
(c)(2)If the body determines that the complete application is compliant with the body’s lawfully adopted standards in effect at the time the application was first submitted, the body shall approve the application and notify the applicant accordingly.
(d)(1)If a body finds that a complete application is noncompliant, the body shall provide the applicant with a list of items that are noncompliant and a description of how the application can be remedied by the applicant within the time limits specified in subdivision (b).
(d)(2)The body shall provide the list and description authorized by paragraph (1) when it transmits its determination to the applicant as required by subdivision (b).
(d)(3)If a body denies an application based on a determination that the application is noncompliant, the applicant may attempt to remedy the application.
(d)(4)If an applicant submits an application pursuant to paragraph (3), the additional application is subject to the timelines of a new application as specified in subdivision (b).
(e)(1)If an application is determined to be incomplete pursuant to subdivision (b) or determined to be noncompliant pursuant to subdivision (d), the body shall provide a process for the applicant to appeal that decision pursuant to Section 4765.
(e)(2)The body shall provide a final written determination on the appeal no later than 60 calendar days after receipt of the applicant’s written appeal.
(f)(1)Once a body approves an application pursuant to this section, the body shall not subject the applicant to any appeals or additional hearings.
(f)(2)The prohibition described in paragraph (1) does not apply to the applicant’s noncompliance with the approved application.
(g)A court shall award reasonable attorney’s fees to the applicant who prevails in an action to enforce this section.
(h)For purposes of this section, the following definitions apply:
(h)(1)“Body” means an association, architectural review committee, or similar body.
(h)(2)“Disaster” has the same meaning as in Section 4752.
(h)(3)“Substantially similar reconstruction of a residential structure” has the same meaning as in Section 4752.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4766.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。

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