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加州 · 戴维斯-斯特林法

建筑审查,以及必须先行存在的程序。

业主协会(HOA)可以要求会员在进行任何实体改动之前先取得批准。协会不能做的是:没有书面程序就要求审批、不以书面形式作出决定,或者不予批准却不说明如何申请复议。

条文 民法典 §§ 4760, 4765 章 第5章,财产使用与维护 收录条文 2 条文核实 2026-11-03

会员无需申请即可做的事

《加州民法典》第4760条(a)(1)是基本规则:在遵守管理文件和适用法律的前提下,会员可以在其独立产权单位的边界之内进行任何改良或改动,只要不损害结构完整性或机电系统,也不削弱开发项目任何部分的支撑。

民法典第4760条(b)划出了另一条边界:独立产权单位外观的任何改变都必须遵守管理文件。在自己的边界之内、外面看不见的改动是一回事;建筑物朝向街道的外观是另一回事。

无障碍改造适用更严格的标准

民法典第4760条(a)(2)允许会员自费改造独立产权单位,以方便盲人、视障人士、聋人或肢体残障人士出入,或改变对他们有危险的状况——如果单元位于一楼或已有坡道或升降设备通达,还包括从公共通道到房门的路线。

改造方案须提交协会审查,而此处的标准有所不同。对于一般申请,协会不得不合理、武断或任意。对于这类申请,民法典第4760条(a)(2)(D)规定协会无正当理由不得拒绝批准。负担随之转移:拒绝能够自圆其说已经不够,必须有拒绝的理由。

作为交换,会员须满足四项条件——工程必须符合建筑规范;必须符合管理文件在安全和美观方面的意图;不得妨碍其他住户的合理通行;任何外部设施在该单元不再由需要它的人居住时必须拆除。

程序必须存在,而且必须写成书面

民法典第4765条(a)仅适用于管理文件要求取得协会批准的情形。在这种情形下,第4765条(a)(1)同时规定了四项要求,其中第三项和第四项最常被忽略:

  1. 程序必须公平、合理、迅速。
  2. 程序必须写入管理文件——不是写在手册里,不是委员会的惯例,也不是物业经理一贯的做法。
  3. 程序必须规定及时的期限。
  4. 程序必须写明答复申请的最长期限,以及答复向董事会提出的复议请求的最长期限。

如果协会的管理文件要求审批,却没有这样的程序,那么这项审批要求并不符合其所受约束的条文。这一点值得在发生争议之前、而不是在争议之中核查。

决定

民法典第4765条(a)(2):决定必须出于诚信,且不得不合理、武断或任意。第4765条(a)(3)补充规定,即使管理文件另有相反规定,决定也不得违反任何适用法律——该条点名了《加州公平就业与住房法》(Fair Employment and Housing Act)、建筑规范以及其他有关土地使用或公共安全的法律。CC&Rs(契约、条件与限制)不能授权作出法律所禁止的决定。

不予批准的决定必须包含两部分

民法典第4765条(a)(4):决定必须以书面形式作出;如果不批准改动,书面决定必须同时说明理由,并且说明由董事会复议的程序。一封只说明理由便到此为止的信,缺少了该条要求的一半内容——而缺少的这一半,恰恰是告诉会员该决定并非最终决定的部分。

复议,以及复议不是什么

申请被拒绝时,申请人有权要求董事会在公开会议上进行复议——§ 4765(a)(5)。因此,申请复议不是与委员会私下沟通;复议在其他会员可以出席的场合进行,适用公开会议规则。

有一个例外,取决于最初由谁作出决定。如果决定是由董事会本身,或由成员与董事会相同的机构,在已经符合上述规则的会议上作出的,则无须再进行复议。会员第一次就已经得到了公开会议。

复议不等于争议解决

第4765条(a)(5)的最后一句说得很明确:董事会的复议不构成第5905条所指的争议解决。它既不满足本法规定的内部争议解决(IDR),也不会将其用尽。经过复议的会员仍然可以使用内部争议解决途径;协会如果把向委员会的申诉当作已经履行了第5905条规定的义务,这项义务其实并未履行。

没人发送的通知

民法典第4765条(c):协会必须每年向会员发出通知,说明实体改动的任何审批要求。通知必须说明哪些类型的改动需要批准,并附上审查这些改动所用程序的副本。这份通知应与其他年度披露一并提供,也是其中最常被遗漏的一项。

期限变成具体数字的地方

第4765条(a)(1)要求“及时的期限”,并由协会自行设定。对于一类申请,州议会现在已经替协会设定了期限:灾后基本相同的重建,30个日历日内确定申请是否完整,45天内作出决定,60天内处理完申诉;如果审批机构错过第一个期限,申请即视为完整。见灾后重建——并请注意,第4766条规定其申诉仍回到本条的程序处理。

民法典 § 4760 — 英文原文

Physical Changes a Member May Make
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Subject to the governing documents and applicable law, a member may do the following:
(a)(1)Make any improvement or alteration within the boundaries of the member’s separate interest that does not impair the structural integrity or mechanical systems or lessen the support of any portions of the common interest development.
(a)(2)Modify the member’s separate interest, at the member’s expense, to facilitate access for persons who are blind, visually handicapped, deaf, or physically disabled, or to alter conditions which could be hazardous to these persons. These modifications may also include modifications of the route from the public way to the door of the separate interest for the purposes of this paragraph if the separate interest is on the ground floor or already accessible by an existing ramp or elevator. The right granted by this paragraph is subject to the following conditions:
(a)(2)(A)The modifications shall be consistent with applicable building code requirements.
(a)(2)(B)The modifications shall be consistent with the intent of otherwise applicable provisions of the governing documents pertaining to safety or aesthetics.
(a)(2)(C)Modifications external to the dwelling shall not prevent reasonable passage by other residents, and shall be removed by the member when the separate interest is no longer occupied by persons requiring those modifications who are blind, visually handicapped, deaf, or physically disabled.
(a)(2)(D)Any member who intends to modify a separate interest pursuant to this paragraph shall submit plans and specifications to the association for review to determine whether the modifications will comply with the provisions of this paragraph. The association shall not deny approval of the proposed modifications under this paragraph without good cause.
(b)Any change in the exterior appearance of a separate interest shall be in accordance with the governing documents and applicable provisions of law.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4760.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4765 — 英文原文

Architectural Review — Procedure, Decision and Appeal
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)This section applies if the governing documents require association approval before a member may make a physical change to the member’s separate interest or to the common area. In reviewing and approving or disapproving a proposed change, the association shall satisfy the following requirements:
(a)(1)The association shall provide a fair, reasonable, and expeditious procedure for making its decision. The procedure shall be included in the association’s governing documents. The procedure shall provide for prompt deadlines. The procedure shall state the maximum time for response to an application or a request for reconsideration by the board.
(a)(2)A decision on a proposed change shall be made in good faith and may not be unreasonable, arbitrary, or capricious.
(a)(3)Notwithstanding a contrary provision of the governing documents, a decision on a proposed change may not violate any governing provision of law, including, but not limited to, the Fair Employment and Housing Act (Part 2.8 (commencing with Section 12900) of Division 3 of Title 2 of the Government Code), or a building code or other applicable law governing land use or public safety.
(a)(4)A decision on a proposed change shall be in writing. If a proposed change is disapproved, the written decision shall include both an explanation of why the proposed change is disapproved and a description of the procedure for reconsideration of the decision by the board.
(a)(5)If a proposed change is disapproved, the applicant is entitled to reconsideration by the board, at an open meeting of the board. This paragraph does not require reconsideration of a decision that is made by the board or a body that has the same membership as the board, at a meeting that satisfies the requirements of Article 2 (commencing with Section 4900) of Chapter 6. Reconsideration by the board does not constitute dispute resolution within the meaning of Section 5905.
(b)Nothing in this section authorizes a physical change to the common area in a manner that is inconsistent with an association’s governing documents, unless the change is required by law.
(c)An association shall annually provide its members with notice of any requirements for association approval of physical changes to property. The notice shall describe the types of changes that require association approval and shall include a copy of the procedure used to review and approve or disapprove a proposed change.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4765.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

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