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加州民法典 § 5103

自動當選

如果提名截止時,合格候選人的人數不超過席位數,業主協會(HOA)可以完全不經投票,直接讓他們就任。這是成本最低的選舉方式,也是最常因技術性細節而失敗的方式,因為五項條件中有四項必須在任何人知道會有多少名候選人之前就已經滿足。

條文 民法典 § 5103 修訂 § 5103: AB 1764 (2023) 生效 2024-01-01 相關內容 § 5100 · § 5105 · § 5115 條文核實 2026-11-03

民法典 § 5103 — 英文原文

Election by Acclamation
Amended by Stats. 2023, Ch. 770, Sec. 3. (AB 1764) Effective January 1, 2024.
由AB 1892修訂,2027年1月1日起生效

條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。

Notwithstanding the secret balloting requirement in Section 5100, or any contrary provision in the governing documents, when, as of the deadline for submitting nominations provided for in subdivision (a) of Section 5115, the number of qualified candidates is not more than the number of vacancies to be elected, as determined by the inspector or inspectors of the elections, the association may, but is not required to, consider the qualified candidates elected by acclamation if all of the following conditions have been met:
(a)The association has held a regular election for the directors in the last three years. The three-year time period shall be calculated from the date ballots were due in the last full election to the start of voting for the proposed election.
(b)The association provided individual notice of the election and the procedure for nominating candidates as follows:
(b)(1)Initial notice at least 90 days before the deadline for submitting nominations provided for in subdivision (a) of Section 5115. The initial notice shall include all of the following:
(b)(1)(A)The number of board positions that will be filled at the election.
(b)(1)(B)The deadline for submitting nominations.
(b)(1)(C)The manner in which nominations can be submitted.
(b)(1)(D)A statement informing members that if, at the close of the time period for making nominations, there are the same number or fewer qualified candidates as there are board positions to be filled, then the board of directors may, after voting to do so, seat the qualified candidates by acclamation without balloting.
(b)(2)A reminder notice between 7 and 30 days before the deadline for submitting nominations provided for in subdivision (a) of Section 5115. The reminder notice shall include all of the following:
(b)(2)(A)The number of board positions that will be filled at the election.
(b)(2)(B)The deadline for submitting nominations.
(b)(2)(C)The manner in which nominations can be submitted.
(b)(2)(D)A list of the names of all of the qualified candidates to fill the board positions as of the date of the reminder notice.
(b)(2)(E)A statement reminding members that if, at the close of the time period for making nominations, there are the same number or fewer qualified candidates as there are board positions to be filled, then the board of directors may, after voting to do so, seat the qualified candidates by acclamation without balloting. This statement is not required if, at the time the reminder notice will be delivered, the number of qualified candidates already exceeds the number of board positions to be filled.
(c)(1)The association provides, within seven business days of receiving a nomination, a written or electronic communication acknowledging the nomination to the member who submitted the nomination.
(c)(2)The association provides, within seven business days of receiving a nomination, a written or electronic communication to the nominee, indicating either of the following:
(c)(2)(A)The nominee is a qualified candidate for the board of directors.
(c)(2)(B)The nominee is not a qualified candidate for the board of directors, the basis for the disqualification, and the procedure, which shall comply with Article 2 (commencing with Section 5900) of Chapter 10, by which the nominee may appeal the disqualification.
(c)(3)The association may combine the written or electronic communication described in paragraphs (1) and (2) into a single written or electronic communication if the nominee and the nominator are the same person.
(d)(1)The association permits all candidates to run if nominated, except for nominees disqualified for running as allowed or required pursuant to subdivisions (b) to (e), inclusive, of Section 5105.
(d)(2)If an association disqualifies a nominee pursuant to this subdivision, an association in its election rules shall also require a director to comply with the same requirements.
(e)The association board votes to consider the qualified candidates elected by acclamation at a meeting pursuant to Article 2 (commencing with Section 4900) for which the agenda item reflects the name of each qualified candidate that will be seated by acclamation if the item is approved.

本條的歷史版本

通過比較加州立法顧問辦公室每個立法會期發佈一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版,其中《戴維斯-斯特林法》已採用現行編號,因此修改從其後的版本起記錄。這不只是存檔問題:民法典第5145條給予會員一年時間質疑選舉,適用的是選舉舉行當日的現行條文,而不是今天的條文。

  1. AB 17642024-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2023, Ch. 770, Sec. 3. (AB 1764) Effective January 1, 2024.

    2處分項修改

    查看修改內容
    1. (d)(2)Notwithstanding paragraph (1), If an association may disqualify disqualifies a nominee if pursuant to this subdivision, an association in its election rules shall also require a director to comply with the person has served the maximum number of terms or sequential terms allowed by the association. same requirements.
    2. (d)(3)If an association disqualifies a nominee pursuant to this subdivision, an association in its election rules shall also require a director to comply with the same requirements.
  2. AB 5022022-01-01起生效

    Added by Stats. 2021, Ch. 517, Sec. 2.5. (AB 502) Effective January 1, 2022.

    由該法案增訂入法典。

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/5103.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。

本條排除了什麼

本條開頭寫道:notwithstanding the secret balloting requirement in Section 5100, or any contrary provision in the governing documents(儘管有《加州民法典》第5100條關於無記名投票的要求,或管理文件中有任何相反規定)。這兩部分都很重要。本條既排除了董事必須以無記名投票選出的法定要求,也排除了協會自身管理文件中關於必須舉行選舉的規定——因此,早於本條制定的章程條款不能迫使董事會舉行投票。

本條是授權性的,而不是強制性的:協會may, but is not required to(可以但無須)讓候選人就任。希望舉行投票的董事會仍然可以舉行投票。

由監察員而不是董事會來算這筆帳

合格候選人的人數是否超過空缺席位數,由一名或多名選舉監察員認定。這是關於候選人資格的認定,與民法典第5110條賦予監察員對委託書的裁決職能相同——而且必須依照當時有效的選舉規則作出,而不是依照董事會現在的解讀。

五項條件,按其約束的先後順序

  1. 過去三年內舉行過一次常規董事選舉。從上一次完整選舉的選票截止日起,計算至本次擬議選舉開始投票之日。連續三年都以自動當選(acclamation)方式產生董事的協會,不能再次自動當選——必須先舉行一次投票選舉。正是這項條件,悄然使那些很久沒有舉行過有競爭的選舉的協會不再符合條件,而這些協會恰恰最有可能選擇自動當選。
  2. 在提名截止日期前至少90天發出首次個別通知,載明待選席位數、截止日期、提名方式,並明確說明:如果提名人數不超過席位數,董事會可以不經投票,以自動當選方式讓候選人就任。 自2027年1月1日起,這一期限改為30天,而不是90天——AB 1892。
  3. 在截止日期前7至30天之間發出提醒通知,重複上述事項,並列出截至當時所有合格候選人的姓名。如果屆時候選人人數已經超過席位數,提醒通知可以省略關於自動當選的說明。 自2027年1月1日起,這一時間窗口改為下限:截止日期前不少於10天——AB 1892。
  4. 在收到每份提名後七個工作日內發出確認——一份發給提交提名的會員,一份發給被提名人,告知其符合資格,或者不符合資格、理由何在,以及如何通過協會依第10章第2節設立的內部爭議解決程序提出申訴。如果提名人與被提名人是同一人,兩份確認可以合併。
  5. 董事會在經通知召開的公開會議上表決,議程項目須列明一旦通過即將就任的每名候選人的姓名。不能作為無需討論的同意事項,也不能寫成“選舉結果”。

為什麼這是加州業主協會選舉中代價最高的錯誤

陷阱在於90天通知。協會在2月判斷,自己很可能會有三名候選人競選三個席位,可以省下一次郵寄的費用——但90天通知本應在提名截止日期之前就已發出,而提名截止日期本身又早於選舉。等到有人清點候選人時,發出該通知的時間窗口早已關閉。

於是,協會只能在年度會議前幾週、在壓縮的日程中,舉行一場未列入預算的完整投票選舉。自動當選不是在提名期結束時作出的決定,而是在提名截止至少90天之前,通過發出一份說明可能自動當選的通知而作出的決定。

2027年1月1日起,這會容易得多。AB 1892將首次通知期限從90天縮短為30天,使這一決定從大約在年度會議前五個月作出,變為大約前三個月作出。對於在2027年上半年舉行的選舉,通知可能落在變更之前,也可能落在變更之後,因此通知的發出日期決定了它須滿足哪條規則——2026年12月發出的通知適用90天規則。

取消資格必須雙向適用

(d)款允許所有被提名人參選,但依照民法典第5105條(b)至(e)被取消資格者除外——即選舉規則可以或必須規定的候選人資格。此外,它還附加了一個容易被忽視的條件:協會依照本款取消被提名人資格的,其選舉規則還必須要求董事遵守同樣的要求。

如果一條規則禁止欠費會員參選,卻不要求在任期間欠費的董事去職,協會就不得在此依據該規則取消被提名人的資格。這項標準必須雙向適用,否則完全不能適用。

申訴途徑由法律規定

被取消資格的被提名人有權獲知取消資格的理由和申訴程序,而該程序shall comply with(必須符合)第10章第2節——即協會的內部爭議解決程序。這並不是讓協會自行設計一套程序,而是援引協會本來就必須具備的程序。

記錄必須顯示什麼

兩份通知,包括其日期,以及每名會員依照民法典第4040條有權獲得的送達方式;提名登記,記錄每份提名的收到日期和每份確認的日期,以便逐一核查每名被提名人的七個工作日期限;每項資格認定及其依據;董事會表決所在會議的議程,其中列明候選人姓名;以及記錄該表決的會議紀要。依照第5145條,協會必須證明瑕疵沒有影響結果;而在自動當選的情形下,被指稱的瑕疵就是:如果通知送達了某名會員,該會員本會參選。

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