quoroom.org 查找選舉監察員

加州 · 戴維斯-斯特林法

在一個不太希望您充電的社區裡給電動汽車充電。

兩個條文,起草得像一對雙胞胎。兩者都宣告實際上禁止充電站的任何限制無效,都給業主協會(HOA)60天期限、逾期沉默即視為批准,也都允許“合理限制”——但隨後對“合理限制”作出了截然相反的定義。

條文 民法典 §§ 4745, 4745.1 章 第5章,財產使用與維護 收錄條文 2 條文核實 2026-11-03

《加州民法典》第4745條(a)適用於契據或其他轉讓文書中的任何約定、條件或限制,以及管理文件中的任何條款,只要其實際上禁止或不合理地限制在業主單元內或指定停車位上安裝或使用充電站——指定停車位包括契據所載的車位、業主專用公共區域內的車位,或專門指定給該業主的車位。此類條款無效且不可強制執行。文件中與本條相牴觸的其他任何內容也是如此。

民法典第4745.1條(a)對電動汽車專用分時電錶(EV-dedicated TOU meter)作出同樣的規定——這是由電力公司提供並安裝的第二個電錶,專門用於車輛充電並記錄用電時段。有了它,您就可以按夜間費率而不是家庭費率購買充電用電;第4745.1條(d)還把連接電錶與充電器的電線和導管也納入保護範圍,不論由誰安裝。

“合理限制”有兩種不同的含義

兩條都保留了施加合理限制的條款,也都宣佈推廣和鼓勵充電、消除充電障礙是加州的政策。隨後兩者的定義就分道揚鑣了,而這一差別決定了大多數實際爭議的結果。

  1. § 4745指不會大幅增加充電站成本,也不會大幅降低其效率或規定性能的限制——§ 4745(b)(2)。這是一項看效果的標準,而且很簡短。其中完全沒有提到美觀。
  2. § 4745.1指基於空間、美觀、結構完整性以及所有業主平等使用的限制——但協會必須設法找到合理的方式滿足該請求,除非這樣做需要協會花錢——§ 4745.1(b)(2)。這是一份允許理由的清單,外加一項盡力而為的義務。

因此,建築委員會如果以單元外觀不協調為由拒絕充電器,所援引的理由並不在本條允許之列。以這一理由拒絕電錶是可以的——但同時附帶一項義務:設法找到同意的辦法。

沉默六十天即視為批准

民法典第4745條(e)和第4745.1條(e)一字不差地規定:申請按照建築改動申請的方式處理,且不得故意迴避或拖延。批准或拒絕必須以書面形式作出。如果申請在收到後60天內未被書面拒絕,即視為批准——除非延誤是由於合理地要求補充資料所致。

請注意“視為”的是什麼,因為本法現在有兩個這樣的期限,而它們的作用不同。在這裡,沉默直接使申請獲得批准。而在災後重建中,第4766條(b)(3)規定,錯過30天期限會使申請視為完整——這只是啟動就實質內容作出決定的期限。獲得批准和視為完整是兩回事。

充電器裝在哪裡,決定適用哪些規則

在單元內,或在已經屬於您的車位上

這是第4745條(a)直接保護的情形。契據所載的車位、您專用公共區域內的車位,或專門指定給您的車位:限制無效,剩下的只是(e)款規定的一般審批程序。

在公共區域或專用公共區域內

民法典第4745條(f)(1)把協會的裁量權變成了一項條件。業主必須先取得批准——而只要業主書面同意以下四項,協會就必須批准:

  1. 安裝工程遵守協會的建築標準。
  2. 聘請持照承包商。
  3. 在獲批後14天內提供保險證明書。
  4. 支付安裝費用以及充電站所用的電費。

關鍵詞是“必須批准”。只要業主同意全部四項,批准與否就不是董事會可以決定的事。

在不屬於任何人專用的一般公共區域內

民法典第4745條(g)的範圍較窄:只有在該業主的指定停車位上安裝不可能或費用高得不合理時,才可以批准在這裡安裝供該業主專用的充電站。在這種情況下,協會與業主就該車位的使用簽訂許可協議,而(f)款的全部規定仍然適用。

另有兩項規定朝另一個方向開放。民法典第4745條(h)允許協會或業主在公共區域內安裝供全體會員使用的充電站,使用條款由協會制定。第4745條(i)則用一句話規定,為使安裝成為可能,協會可以在原本沒有停車位的地方新設停車位——許多董事會得知自己有這項權力時都很意外。

這些都不需要會員表決

將公共區域的一部分授予某位會員專用,通常需要全部獨立產權單位的67%投贊成票。第4600條(b)(3)(H)和(I)恰好把這種情形排除在外:為符合第4745條的充電站鋪設穿過公共區域的公用設施線路或電錶,以及依照第4745條授予許可。見會員何時必須表決——充電器是本法有意不交付表決的事項之一。

義務隨充電站轉移,而不是隨人

民法典第4745條(f)(2)約束“業主及其後每一任業主”。無論誰持有該單元,都須承擔:因安裝、維護、維修、拆除或更換而對充電站、公共區域或任何人的獨立產權單位造成損害的費用;在充電站拆除之前維護、維修和更換充電站的費用,以及之後恢復公共區域的費用;電費;以及向潛在買方披露充電站及上述責任的義務。

保險義務是最容易在不知不覺中失效的一項。第4745條(f)(3)要求始終持有責任保險——不論充電站在單元內還是在公共區域——並在獲批後14天內提交保險證明書,此後由該業主及每一任繼受人每年提交。安裝時提交一次、此後再未提交的證明,不滿足這項要求。

民法典第4745條(f)(4)規定了一項豁免:使用現有的NEMA標準交流電源插頭,無需責任保險。插在原有的普通插座上充電,不是這套制度要規範的對象。

協會做錯的代價

民法典第4745條(j):故意違反本條的協會須承擔實際損害賠償,並且須向申請人支付最高1,000美元的民事罰款。第4745條(k):業主為強制協會遵守本條而提起訴訟的,應判給勝訴原告合理的律師費。第4745.1條(h)和(i)款就電錶重複了這兩項規定。

與災後重建條文一樣,律師費的判給是單向的。法條把它給予勝訴的原告,而這裡的原告就是業主。

2027年1月1日起的變化

SB 1267在三處修訂第4745條,修訂方向有利於協會。完整的修改內容列在下方條文之後;概括而言,它把“使用”加入一份活動清單——業主須為這些活動造成的損害承擔費用;還規定由安裝者就安裝造成的損失或損害向協會作出賠償或補償,並宣佈州議會的立法意圖:已遵守本條的協會,對其並不擁有的充電站所引起的傷害和損害享有民事責任保護——但協會有重大過失的除外。

在該日期之前,有效的仍是下方轉載的條文。見SB 1267。

民法典 § 4745 — 英文原文

Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 525, Sec. 1. (SB 770) Effective January 1, 2026.
由SB 1267修訂,2027年1月1日起生效

條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。

(a)Any covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument affecting the transfer or sale of any interest in a common interest development, and any provision of a governing document, as defined in Section 4150, that either effectively prohibits or unreasonably restricts the installation or use of an electric vehicle charging station within an owner’s unit or in a designated parking space, including, but not limited to, a deeded parking space, a parking space in an owner’s exclusive use common area, or a parking space that is specifically designated for use by a particular owner, or is in conflict with this section is void and unenforceable.
(b)(1)This section does not apply to provisions that impose reasonable restrictions on electric vehicle charging stations. However, it is the policy of the state to promote, encourage, and remove obstacles to the use of electric vehicle charging stations.
(b)(2)For purposes of this section, “reasonable restrictions” are restrictions that do not significantly increase the cost of the station or significantly decrease its efficiency or specified performance.
(c)An electric vehicle charging station shall meet applicable health and safety standards and requirements imposed by state and local authorities, and all other applicable zoning, land use, or other ordinances, or land use permits.
(d)For purposes of this section, “electric vehicle charging station” means a station that is designed in compliance with the California Building Standards Code and delivers electricity from a source outside an electric vehicle into one or more electric vehicles. An electric vehicle charging station may include several charge points simultaneously connecting several electric vehicles to the station and any related equipment needed to facilitate charging plug-in electric vehicles.
(e)If approval is required for the installation or use of an electric vehicle charging station, the application for approval shall be processed and approved by the association in the same manner as an application for approval of an architectural modification to the property, and shall not be willfully avoided or delayed. The approval or denial of an application shall be in writing. If an application is not denied in writing within 60 days from the date of receipt of the application, the application shall be deemed approved, unless that delay is the result of a reasonable request for additional information.
(f)If the electric vehicle charging station is to be placed in a common area or an exclusive use common area, as designated in the common interest development’s declaration, the following provisions apply:
(f)(1)The owner first shall obtain approval from the association to install the electric vehicle charging station and the association shall approve the installation if the owner agrees in writing to do all of the following:
(f)(1)(A)Comply with the association’s architectural standards for the installation of the charging station.
(f)(1)(B)Engage a licensed contractor to install the charging station.
(f)(1)(C)Within 14 days of approval, provide a certificate of insurance as required by paragraph (3).
(f)(1)(D)Pay for both the costs associated with the installation of and the electricity usage associated with the charging station.
(f)(2)The owner and each successive owner of the charging station shall be responsible for all of the following:
(f)(2)(A)Costs for damage to the charging station, common area, exclusive use common area, or separate interests resulting from the installation, maintenance, repair, removal, or replacement of the charging station.
(f)(2)(B)Costs for the maintenance, repair, and replacement of the charging station until it has been removed and for the restoration of the common area after removal.
(f)(2)(C)The cost of electricity associated with the charging station.
(f)(2)(D)Disclosing to prospective buyers the existence of any charging station of the owner and the related responsibilities of the owner under this section.
(f)(3)The owner of the charging station, whether located within a separate unit or within the common area or exclusive use common area, shall, at all times, maintain a liability coverage policy. The owner that submitted the application to install the charging station shall provide the association with the corresponding certificate of insurance within 14 days of approval of the application. That owner and each successor owner shall provide the association with the certificate of insurance annually thereafter.
(f)(4)A homeowner shall not be required to maintain a homeowner liability coverage policy for an existing National Electrical Manufacturers Association standard alternating current power plug.
(g)Except as provided in subdivision (h), installation of an electric vehicle charging station for the exclusive use of an owner in a common area, that is not an exclusive use common area, shall be authorized by the association only if installation in the owner’s designated parking space is impossible or unreasonably expensive. In such cases, the association shall enter into a license agreement with the owner for the use of the space in a common area, and the owner shall comply with all of the requirements in subdivision (f).
(h)The association or owners may install an electric vehicle charging station in the common area for the use of all members of the association and, in that case, the association shall develop appropriate terms of use for the charging station.
(i)An association may create a new parking space where one did not previously exist to facilitate the installation of an electric vehicle charging station.
(j)An association that willfully violates this section shall be liable to the applicant or other party for actual damages, and shall pay a civil penalty to the applicant or other party in an amount not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000).
(k)In any action by a homeowner requesting to have an electric vehicle charging station installed and seeking to enforce compliance with this section, the prevailing plaintiff shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4745.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。

民法典 § 4745.1 — 英文原文

Electric Vehicle Time-of-Use Meters
Added by Stats. 2018, Ch. 376, Sec. 2. (SB 1016) Effective January 1, 2019.

條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。

(a)Any covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument affecting the transfer or sale of any interest in a common interest development, and any provision of a governing document, as defined in Section 4150, that either effectively prohibits or unreasonably restricts the installation or use of an EV-dedicated TOU meter or is in conflict with this section is void and unenforceable.
(b)(1)This section does not apply to provisions that impose reasonable restrictions on the installation of an EV-dedicated TOU meter. However, it is the policy of the state to promote, encourage, and remove obstacles to the effective installation of EV-dedicated TOU meters.
(b)(2)For purposes of this section, “reasonable restrictions” are restrictions based upon space, aesthetics, structural integrity, and equal access to these services for all homeowners, but an association shall attempt to find a reasonable way to accommodate the installation request, unless the association would need to incur an expense.
(c)An EV-dedicated TOU meter shall meet applicable health and safety standards and requirements imposed by state and local authorities, and all other applicable zoning, land use, or other ordinances, or land use permits.
(d)For purposes of this section, an “EV-dedicated TOU meter” means an electric meter supplied and installed by an electric utility, that is separate from, and in addition to, any other electric meter and is devoted exclusively to the charging of electric vehicles, and that tracks the time of use (TOU) when charging occurs. An “EV-dedicated TOU meter” includes any wiring or conduit necessary to connect the electric meter to an electric vehicle charging station, as defined in Section 4745, regardless of whether it is supplied or installed by an electric utility.
(e)If approval is required for the installation or use of an EV-dedicated TOU meter, the application for approval shall be processed and approved by the association in the same manner as an application for approval of an architectural modification to the property, and shall not be willfully avoided or delayed. The approval or denial of an application shall be in writing. If an application is not denied in writing within 60 days from the date of receipt of the application, the application shall be deemed approved, unless that delay is the result of a reasonable request for additional information.
(f)If the EV-dedicated TOU meter is to be placed in a common area or an exclusive use common area, as designated in the common interest development’s declaration, the following provisions apply:
(f)(1)The owner first shall obtain approval from the association to install the EV-dedicated TOU meter and the association shall approve the installation if the owner agrees in writing to do both of the following:
(f)(1)(A)Comply with the association’s architectural standards for the installation of the EV-dedicated TOU meter.
(f)(1)(B)Engage the relevant electric utility to install the EV-dedicated TOU meter and, if necessary, a licensed contractor to install wiring or conduit necessary to connect the electric meter to an EV charging station.
(f)(2)The owner and each successive owner of an EV-dedicated TOU meter shall be responsible for all of the following:
(f)(2)(A)Costs for damage to the EV-dedicated TOU meter, common area, exclusive use common area, or separate interests resulting from the installation, maintenance, repair, removal, or replacement of the EV-dedicated TOU meter.
(f)(2)(B)Costs for the maintenance, repair, and replacement of the EV-dedicated TOU meter until it has been removed and for the restoration of the common area after removal.
(f)(2)(C)Disclosing to prospective buyers the existence of any EV-dedicated TOU meter of the owner and the related responsibilities of the owner under this section.
(g)The association or owners may install an EV-dedicated TOU meter in the common area for the use of all members of the association and, in that case, the association shall develop appropriate terms of use for the EV-dedicated TOU meter.
(h)An association that willfully violates this section shall be liable to the applicant or other party for actual damages, and shall pay a civil penalty to the applicant or other party in an amount not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000).
(i)In any action by a homeowner requesting to have an EV-dedicated TOU meter installed and seeking to enforce compliance with this section, the prevailing plaintiff shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4745.1.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。

相關內容 建築審查 · 會員何時必須表決 · SB 1267 下次複核 每季度