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加州 · 戴维斯-斯特林法

在一个不太希望您充电的社区里给电动汽车充电。

两个条文,起草得像一对双胞胎。两者都宣告实际上禁止充电站的任何限制无效,都给业主协会(HOA)60天期限、逾期沉默即视为批准,也都允许“合理限制”——但随后对“合理限制”作出了截然相反的定义。

条文 民法典 §§ 4745, 4745.1 章 第5章,财产使用与维护 收录条文 2 条文核实 2026-11-03

《加州民法典》第4745条(a)适用于契据或其他转让文书中的任何约定、条件或限制,以及管理文件中的任何条款,只要其实际上禁止或不合理地限制在业主单元内或指定停车位上安装或使用充电站——指定停车位包括契据所载的车位、业主专用公共区域内的车位,或专门指定给该业主的车位。此类条款无效且不可强制执行。文件中与本条相抵触的其他任何内容也是如此。

民法典第4745.1条(a)对电动汽车专用分时电表(EV-dedicated TOU meter)作出同样的规定——这是由电力公司提供并安装的第二个电表,专门用于车辆充电并记录用电时段。有了它,您就可以按夜间费率而不是家庭费率购买充电用电;第4745.1条(d)还把连接电表与充电器的电线和导管也纳入保护范围,不论由谁安装。

“合理限制”有两种不同的含义

两条都保留了施加合理限制的条款,也都宣布推广和鼓励充电、消除充电障碍是加州的政策。随后两者的定义就分道扬镳了,而这一差别决定了大多数实际争议的结果。

  1. § 4745指不会大幅增加充电站成本,也不会大幅降低其效率或规定性能的限制——§ 4745(b)(2)。这是一项看效果的标准,而且很简短。其中完全没有提到美观。
  2. § 4745.1指基于空间、美观、结构完整性以及所有业主平等使用的限制——但协会必须设法找到合理的方式满足该请求,除非这样做需要协会花钱——§ 4745.1(b)(2)。这是一份允许理由的清单,外加一项尽力而为的义务。

因此,建筑委员会如果以单元外观不协调为由拒绝充电器,所援引的理由并不在本条允许之列。以这一理由拒绝电表是可以的——但同时附带一项义务:设法找到同意的办法。

沉默六十天即视为批准

民法典第4745条(e)和第4745.1条(e)一字不差地规定:申请按照建筑改动申请的方式处理,且不得故意回避或拖延。批准或拒绝必须以书面形式作出。如果申请在收到后60天内未被书面拒绝,即视为批准——除非延误是由于合理地要求补充资料所致。

请注意“视为”的是什么,因为本法现在有两个这样的期限,而它们的作用不同。在这里,沉默直接使申请获得批准。而在灾后重建中,第4766条(b)(3)规定,错过30天期限会使申请视为完整——这只是启动就实质内容作出决定的期限。获得批准和视为完整是两回事。

充电器装在哪里,决定适用哪些规则

在单元内,或在已经属于您的车位上

这是第4745条(a)直接保护的情形。契据所载的车位、您专用公共区域内的车位,或专门指定给您的车位:限制无效,剩下的只是(e)款规定的一般审批程序。

在公共区域或专用公共区域内

民法典第4745条(f)(1)把协会的裁量权变成了一项条件。业主必须先取得批准——而只要业主书面同意以下四项,协会就必须批准:

  1. 安装工程遵守协会的建筑标准。
  2. 聘请持照承包商。
  3. 在获批后14天内提供保险证明书。
  4. 支付安装费用以及充电站所用的电费。

关键词是“必须批准”。只要业主同意全部四项,批准与否就不是董事会可以决定的事。

在不属于任何人专用的一般公共区域内

民法典第4745条(g)的范围较窄:只有在该业主的指定停车位上安装不可能或费用高得不合理时,才可以批准在这里安装供该业主专用的充电站。在这种情况下,协会与业主就该车位的使用签订许可协议,而(f)款的全部规定仍然适用。

另有两项规定朝另一个方向开放。民法典第4745条(h)允许协会或业主在公共区域内安装供全体会员使用的充电站,使用条款由协会制定。第4745条(i)则用一句话规定,为使安装成为可能,协会可以在原本没有停车位的地方新设停车位——许多董事会得知自己有这项权力时都很意外。

这些都不需要会员表决

将公共区域的一部分授予某位会员专用,通常需要全部独立产权单位的67%投赞成票。第4600条(b)(3)(H)和(I)恰好把这种情形排除在外:为符合第4745条的充电站铺设穿过公共区域的公用设施线路或电表,以及依照第4745条授予许可。见会员何时必须表决——充电器是本法有意不交付表决的事项之一。

义务随充电站转移,而不是随人

民法典第4745条(f)(2)约束“业主及其后每一任业主”。无论谁持有该单元,都须承担:因安装、维护、维修、拆除或更换而对充电站、公共区域或任何人的独立产权单位造成损害的费用;在充电站拆除之前维护、维修和更换充电站的费用,以及之后恢复公共区域的费用;电费;以及向潜在买方披露充电站及上述责任的义务。

保险义务是最容易在不知不觉中失效的一项。第4745条(f)(3)要求始终持有责任保险——不论充电站在单元内还是在公共区域——并在获批后14天内提交保险证明书,此后由该业主及每一任继受人每年提交。安装时提交一次、此后再未提交的证明,不满足这项要求。

民法典第4745条(f)(4)规定了一项豁免:使用现有的NEMA标准交流电源插头,无需责任保险。插在原有的普通插座上充电,不是这套制度要规范的对象。

协会做错的代价

民法典第4745条(j):故意违反本条的协会须承担实际损害赔偿,并且须向申请人支付最高1,000美元的民事罚款。第4745条(k):业主为强制协会遵守本条而提起诉讼的,应判给胜诉原告合理的律师费。第4745.1条(h)和(i)款就电表重复了这两项规定。

与灾后重建条文一样,律师费的判给是单向的。法条把它给予胜诉的原告,而这里的原告就是业主。

2027年1月1日起的变化

SB 1267在三处修订第4745条,修订方向有利于协会。完整的修改内容列在下方条文之后;概括而言,它把“使用”加入一份活动清单——业主须为这些活动造成的损害承担费用;还规定由安装者就安装造成的损失或损害向协会作出赔偿或补偿,并宣布州议会的立法意图:已遵守本条的协会,对其并不拥有的充电站所引起的伤害和损害享有民事责任保护——但协会有重大过失的除外。

在该日期之前,有效的仍是下方转载的条文。见SB 1267。

民法典 § 4745 — 英文原文

Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
Amended by Stats. 2025, Ch. 525, Sec. 1. (SB 770) Effective January 1, 2026.
由SB 1267修订,2027年1月1日起生效

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Any covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument affecting the transfer or sale of any interest in a common interest development, and any provision of a governing document, as defined in Section 4150, that either effectively prohibits or unreasonably restricts the installation or use of an electric vehicle charging station within an owner’s unit or in a designated parking space, including, but not limited to, a deeded parking space, a parking space in an owner’s exclusive use common area, or a parking space that is specifically designated for use by a particular owner, or is in conflict with this section is void and unenforceable.
(b)(1)This section does not apply to provisions that impose reasonable restrictions on electric vehicle charging stations. However, it is the policy of the state to promote, encourage, and remove obstacles to the use of electric vehicle charging stations.
(b)(2)For purposes of this section, “reasonable restrictions” are restrictions that do not significantly increase the cost of the station or significantly decrease its efficiency or specified performance.
(c)An electric vehicle charging station shall meet applicable health and safety standards and requirements imposed by state and local authorities, and all other applicable zoning, land use, or other ordinances, or land use permits.
(d)For purposes of this section, “electric vehicle charging station” means a station that is designed in compliance with the California Building Standards Code and delivers electricity from a source outside an electric vehicle into one or more electric vehicles. An electric vehicle charging station may include several charge points simultaneously connecting several electric vehicles to the station and any related equipment needed to facilitate charging plug-in electric vehicles.
(e)If approval is required for the installation or use of an electric vehicle charging station, the application for approval shall be processed and approved by the association in the same manner as an application for approval of an architectural modification to the property, and shall not be willfully avoided or delayed. The approval or denial of an application shall be in writing. If an application is not denied in writing within 60 days from the date of receipt of the application, the application shall be deemed approved, unless that delay is the result of a reasonable request for additional information.
(f)If the electric vehicle charging station is to be placed in a common area or an exclusive use common area, as designated in the common interest development’s declaration, the following provisions apply:
(f)(1)The owner first shall obtain approval from the association to install the electric vehicle charging station and the association shall approve the installation if the owner agrees in writing to do all of the following:
(f)(1)(A)Comply with the association’s architectural standards for the installation of the charging station.
(f)(1)(B)Engage a licensed contractor to install the charging station.
(f)(1)(C)Within 14 days of approval, provide a certificate of insurance as required by paragraph (3).
(f)(1)(D)Pay for both the costs associated with the installation of and the electricity usage associated with the charging station.
(f)(2)The owner and each successive owner of the charging station shall be responsible for all of the following:
(f)(2)(A)Costs for damage to the charging station, common area, exclusive use common area, or separate interests resulting from the installation, maintenance, repair, removal, or replacement of the charging station.
(f)(2)(B)Costs for the maintenance, repair, and replacement of the charging station until it has been removed and for the restoration of the common area after removal.
(f)(2)(C)The cost of electricity associated with the charging station.
(f)(2)(D)Disclosing to prospective buyers the existence of any charging station of the owner and the related responsibilities of the owner under this section.
(f)(3)The owner of the charging station, whether located within a separate unit or within the common area or exclusive use common area, shall, at all times, maintain a liability coverage policy. The owner that submitted the application to install the charging station shall provide the association with the corresponding certificate of insurance within 14 days of approval of the application. That owner and each successor owner shall provide the association with the certificate of insurance annually thereafter.
(f)(4)A homeowner shall not be required to maintain a homeowner liability coverage policy for an existing National Electrical Manufacturers Association standard alternating current power plug.
(g)Except as provided in subdivision (h), installation of an electric vehicle charging station for the exclusive use of an owner in a common area, that is not an exclusive use common area, shall be authorized by the association only if installation in the owner’s designated parking space is impossible or unreasonably expensive. In such cases, the association shall enter into a license agreement with the owner for the use of the space in a common area, and the owner shall comply with all of the requirements in subdivision (f).
(h)The association or owners may install an electric vehicle charging station in the common area for the use of all members of the association and, in that case, the association shall develop appropriate terms of use for the charging station.
(i)An association may create a new parking space where one did not previously exist to facilitate the installation of an electric vehicle charging station.
(j)An association that willfully violates this section shall be liable to the applicant or other party for actual damages, and shall pay a civil penalty to the applicant or other party in an amount not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000).
(k)In any action by a homeowner requesting to have an electric vehicle charging station installed and seeking to enforce compliance with this section, the prevailing plaintiff shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4745.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4745.1 — 英文原文

Electric Vehicle Time-of-Use Meters
Added by Stats. 2018, Ch. 376, Sec. 2. (SB 1016) Effective January 1, 2019.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Any covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument affecting the transfer or sale of any interest in a common interest development, and any provision of a governing document, as defined in Section 4150, that either effectively prohibits or unreasonably restricts the installation or use of an EV-dedicated TOU meter or is in conflict with this section is void and unenforceable.
(b)(1)This section does not apply to provisions that impose reasonable restrictions on the installation of an EV-dedicated TOU meter. However, it is the policy of the state to promote, encourage, and remove obstacles to the effective installation of EV-dedicated TOU meters.
(b)(2)For purposes of this section, “reasonable restrictions” are restrictions based upon space, aesthetics, structural integrity, and equal access to these services for all homeowners, but an association shall attempt to find a reasonable way to accommodate the installation request, unless the association would need to incur an expense.
(c)An EV-dedicated TOU meter shall meet applicable health and safety standards and requirements imposed by state and local authorities, and all other applicable zoning, land use, or other ordinances, or land use permits.
(d)For purposes of this section, an “EV-dedicated TOU meter” means an electric meter supplied and installed by an electric utility, that is separate from, and in addition to, any other electric meter and is devoted exclusively to the charging of electric vehicles, and that tracks the time of use (TOU) when charging occurs. An “EV-dedicated TOU meter” includes any wiring or conduit necessary to connect the electric meter to an electric vehicle charging station, as defined in Section 4745, regardless of whether it is supplied or installed by an electric utility.
(e)If approval is required for the installation or use of an EV-dedicated TOU meter, the application for approval shall be processed and approved by the association in the same manner as an application for approval of an architectural modification to the property, and shall not be willfully avoided or delayed. The approval or denial of an application shall be in writing. If an application is not denied in writing within 60 days from the date of receipt of the application, the application shall be deemed approved, unless that delay is the result of a reasonable request for additional information.
(f)If the EV-dedicated TOU meter is to be placed in a common area or an exclusive use common area, as designated in the common interest development’s declaration, the following provisions apply:
(f)(1)The owner first shall obtain approval from the association to install the EV-dedicated TOU meter and the association shall approve the installation if the owner agrees in writing to do both of the following:
(f)(1)(A)Comply with the association’s architectural standards for the installation of the EV-dedicated TOU meter.
(f)(1)(B)Engage the relevant electric utility to install the EV-dedicated TOU meter and, if necessary, a licensed contractor to install wiring or conduit necessary to connect the electric meter to an EV charging station.
(f)(2)The owner and each successive owner of an EV-dedicated TOU meter shall be responsible for all of the following:
(f)(2)(A)Costs for damage to the EV-dedicated TOU meter, common area, exclusive use common area, or separate interests resulting from the installation, maintenance, repair, removal, or replacement of the EV-dedicated TOU meter.
(f)(2)(B)Costs for the maintenance, repair, and replacement of the EV-dedicated TOU meter until it has been removed and for the restoration of the common area after removal.
(f)(2)(C)Disclosing to prospective buyers the existence of any EV-dedicated TOU meter of the owner and the related responsibilities of the owner under this section.
(g)The association or owners may install an EV-dedicated TOU meter in the common area for the use of all members of the association and, in that case, the association shall develop appropriate terms of use for the EV-dedicated TOU meter.
(h)An association that willfully violates this section shall be liable to the applicant or other party for actual damages, and shall pay a civil penalty to the applicant or other party in an amount not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000).
(i)In any action by a homeowner requesting to have an EV-dedicated TOU meter installed and seeking to enforce compliance with this section, the prevailing plaintiff shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4745.1.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

相关内容 建筑审查 · 会员何时必须表决 · SB 1267 下次复核 每季度