加州 · 太阳能权利法与戴维斯-斯特林法
业主协会无法投票否决的太阳能板。
安装太阳能的权利不在《戴维斯-斯特林法》中，而在《太阳能权利法》中——即《加州民法典》中位置更靠前的两个条文；《戴维斯-斯特林法》只是在其基础上作出补充。这一点很重要，因为决定一项限制是否合法的数字规定在第714条中——把会员表决排除在外的那句话则在紧随其后的第714.1条中。
条文 民法典 §§ 714, 714.1, 4746
相关法案 AB 2188 (2015) · AB 634 (2018)
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条文核实 2026-11-03
§ 714(a)宣告，契据或其他影响不动产转让或出售的文书中的任何约定、条件或限制——以及管理文件中的任何条款——凡实际上禁止或限制安装或使用太阳能系统的，均属无效。其适用范围不限于业主协会（HOA）；管理文件只是该款列举的对象之一。
“合理限制”——附有价格
§ 714(b)保留了合理限制，宣布推广太阳能并消除其障碍是加州的政策，然后做了一件本站其他地方很少见到的事：它给形容词定了数字。如果一项限制会大幅增加成本或大幅降低效率，即属不合理，而§ 714(d)(1)对“大幅”作出了定义：
- 热水与
泳池加热超过系统成本的10%，但无论如何不超过1,000美元——或效率降低超过该款允许的程度。
- 光伏发电比最初指定和提议的系统成本高出不超过1,000美元的金额，或效率降低超过10%。
因此，对太阳能而言，关于某项建筑条件是否合理的争论，主要是一个算术问题。要求加装遮挡、指定太阳能板颜色、要求改到背阴的坡面上安装：算出费用，与系统成本相比，该条就给出了答案。
§ 714(c)保留了安全方面的要求——系统必须符合与《加州政府法典》第65850.5条一致的州和地方健康与安全标准，热水系统必须经认可的认证机构认证，发电系统必须符合《加州电气规范》（California Electrical Code）以及适用的IEEE和检测实验室标准。
协会仍然可以要求的事项
§ 714.1(a)允许协会订立四项合理规定，读过天线规则的人会觉得眼熟：在公共区域安装系统须经批准；在他人所有的独立产权单位上安装须经批准；关于屋顶及其他建筑构件维护、维修或更换的规定；以及要求安装者就损失或损害向协会或其会员作出赔偿或补偿。
以及协会不得做的两件事
§ 714.1(b)：协会不得制定一般性政策，禁止业主在其居住的建筑物屋顶上，或在分配给其的相邻车库或车棚上，安装供家庭使用的屋顶系统。(b)(2)还规定：协会不得就此类安装要求经会员表决批准——包括第4600条规定的表决。本法规定的67%门槛被点名并按条号排除在外。
§ 4600(b)(3)(J)从另一个方向得出同样的结论：它把为安装太阳能系统而授予专用公共区域使用权的情形，排除在专用公共区域表决之外。两条法律，都由2017年的同一项法案AB 634改写，关上的是同一扇门——由此可见协会曾多么频繁地试图从这扇门走过去。
一个屋顶服务多户业主时
§ 4746是《戴维斯-斯特林法》这一层的规定，仅适用于由多户业主共用的多户住宅公共区域屋顶。协会必须要求两件事：申请人通知该建筑物内每一户单元的业主；以及业主及其后每一任业主始终持有责任保险，并在获批后14天内及此后每年提交保险证明。
§ 4746(b)(1)允许由持照承包商或具备相关知识的注册销售人员进行太阳能场地勘测，以确定屋顶的可用太阳能面积——而勘测费用明确不计入第714条所指的系统成本，因此不会计入上述1,000美元的数额。(B)目是让邻居之间得以相安的规定：勘测必须确定在共用同一屋顶、车库或车棚的所有业主之间公平分配可用屋顶面积。
§ 4746(b)(2)接着将持续性的责任加在业主及其每一任继受人身上——包括损害、维护、维修、更换、拆除后的恢复，以及向潜在买方披露该系统。
民法典 § 714 — 英文原文
Solar Energy Systems — Restrictions That Are Void
Amended by Stats. 2014, Ch. 521, Sec. 2. (AB 2188) Effective January 1, 2015.
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
(a)Any covenant, restriction, or condition contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument affecting the transfer or sale of, or any interest in, real property, and any provision of a governing document, as defined in Section 4150 or 6552, that effectively prohibits or restricts the installation or use of a solar energy system is void and unenforceable.
(b)This section does not apply to provisions that impose reasonable restrictions on solar energy systems. However, it is the policy of the state to promote and encourage the use of solar energy systems and to remove obstacles thereto. Accordingly, reasonable restrictions on a solar energy system are those restrictions that do not significantly increase the cost of the system or significantly decrease its efficiency or specified performance, or that allow for an alternative system of comparable cost, efficiency, and energy conservation benefits.
(c)(1)A solar energy system shall meet applicable health and safety standards and requirements imposed by state and local permitting authorities, consistent with Section 65850.5 of the Government Code.
(c)(2)Solar energy systems used for heating water in single family residences and solar collectors used for heating water in commercial or swimming pool applications shall be certified by an accredited listing agency as defined in the Plumbing and Mechanical Codes.
(c)(3)A solar energy system for producing electricity shall also meet all applicable safety and performance standards established by the California Electrical Code, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and accredited testing laboratories such as Underwriters Laboratories and, where applicable, rules of the Public Utilities Commission regarding safety and reliability.
(d)For the purposes of this section:
(d)(1)(A)For solar domestic water heating systems or solar swimming pool heating systems that comply with state and federal law, “significantly” means an amount exceeding 10 percent of the cost of the system, but in no case more than one thousand dollars ($1,000), or decreasing the efficiency of the solar energy system by an amount exceeding 10 percent, as originally specified and proposed.
(d)(1)(B)For photovoltaic systems that comply with state and federal law, “significantly” means an amount not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000) over the system cost as originally specified and proposed, or a decrease in system efficiency of an amount exceeding 10 percent as originally specified and proposed.
(d)(2)“Solar energy system” has the same meaning as defined in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subdivision (a) of Section 801.5.
(e)(1)Whenever approval is required for the installation or use of a solar energy system, the application for approval shall be processed and approved by the appropriate approving entity in the same manner as an application for approval of an architectural modification to the property, and shall not be willfully avoided or delayed.
(e)(2)For an approving entity that is an association, as defined in Section 4080 or 6528, and that is not a public entity, both of the following shall apply:
(e)(2)(A)The approval or denial of an application shall be in writing.
(e)(2)(B)If an application is not denied in writing within 45 days from the date of receipt of the application, the application shall be deemed approved, unless that delay is the result of a reasonable request for additional information.
(f)Any entity, other than a public entity, that willfully violates this section shall be liable to the applicant or other party for actual damages occasioned thereby, and shall pay a civil penalty to the applicant or other party in an amount not to exceed one thousand dollars ($1,000).
(g)In any action to enforce compliance with this section, the prevailing party shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees.
(h)(1)A public entity that fails to comply with this section may not receive funds from a state-sponsored grant or loan program for solar energy. A public entity shall certify its compliance with the requirements of this section when applying for funds from a state-sponsored grant or loan program.
(h)(2)A local public entity may not exempt residents in its jurisdiction from the requirements of this section.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/714.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 714.1 — 英文原文
What an Association May Still Require, and May Not
Amended by Stats. 2017, Ch. 818, Sec. 1. (AB 634) Effective January 1, 2018.
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
(a)Notwithstanding Section 714, an association may impose reasonable provisions that:
(a)(1)Restrict the installation of solar energy systems in common areas to those systems approved by the association.
(a)(2)Require the owner of a separate interest to obtain the approval of the association for the installation of a solar energy system in a separate interest owned by another.
(a)(3)Provide for the maintenance, repair, or replacement of roofs or other building components.
(a)(4)Require installers of solar energy systems to indemnify or reimburse the association or its members for loss or damage caused by the installation, maintenance, or use of the solar energy system.
(b)An association shall not:
(b)(1)Establish a general policy prohibiting the installation or use of a rooftop solar energy system for household purposes on the roof of the building in which the owner resides, or a garage or carport adjacent to the building that has been assigned to the owner for exclusive use.
(b)(2)Require approval by a vote of members owning separate interests in the common interest development, including that specified by Section 4600, for installation of a solar energy system for household purposes on the roof of the building in which the owner resides, or a garage or carport adjacent to the building that has been assigned to the owner for exclusive use. An action by an association that contravenes paragraph (1) or (2) shall be void and unenforceable.
(c)For purposes of this section:
(c)(1)“Association” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4080 or 6528.
(c)(2)“Common area” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4095 or 6532.
(c)(3)“Separate interest” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4185 or 6564.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/714.1.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 4746 — 英文原文
Solar Energy Systems on a Shared Multifamily Common Area Roof
Added by Stats. 2017, Ch. 818, Sec. 3. (AB 634) Effective January 1, 2018.
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
(a)When reviewing a request to install a solar energy system on a multifamily common area roof shared by more than one homeowner pursuant to Sections 714 and 714.1, an association shall require both of the following:
(a)(1)An applicant to notify each owner of a unit in the building on which the installation will be located of the application to install a solar energy system.
(a)(2)The owner and each successive owner to maintain a homeowner liability coverage policy at all times and provide the association with the corresponding certificate of insurance within 14 days of approval of the application and annually thereafter.
(b)When reviewing a request to install a solar energy system on a multifamily common area roof shared by more than one homeowner pursuant to Sections 714 and 714.1, an association may impose additional reasonable provisions that:
(b)(1)(A)Require the applicant to submit a solar site survey showing the placement of the solar energy system prepared by a licensed contractor or the contractor’s registered salesperson knowledgeable in the installation of solar energy systems to determine usable solar roof area. This survey or the costs to determine useable space shall not be deemed as part of the cost of the system as used in Section 714.
(b)(1)(B)The solar site survey shall also include a determination of an equitable allocation of the usable solar roof area among all owners sharing the same roof, garage, or carport.
(b)(2)Require the owner and each successive owner of the solar energy system to be responsible for all of the following:
(b)(2)(A)Costs for damage to the common area, exclusive use common area, or separate interests resulting from the installation, maintenance, repair, removal, or replacement of the solar energy system.
(b)(2)(B)Costs for the maintenance, repair, and replacement of solar energy system until it has been removed and for the restoration of the common area, exclusive use common area, or separate interests after removal.
(b)(2)(C)Disclosing to prospective buyers the existence of any solar energy system of the owner and the related responsibilities of the owner under this section.
(c)For purposes of this section:
(c)(1)“Association” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4080 or 6528.
(c)(2)“Common area” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4095 or 6532.
(c)(3)“Separate interest” has the same meaning as defined in Section 4185 or 6564.
(d)This section imposes additional requirements for any proposed installation of a solar energy system on a multifamily common area roof shared by more than one homeowner.
(e)This section does not diminish the authority of an association to impose reasonable provisions pursuant to Section 714.1.
来源不一致。 The Legislative Counsel's database and California Public Law differ, and the text here follows the official database. The official text reads “Sections 714 and 714.1” where Public Law prints the singular “Section” before the same list of numbers — their citation linker rewriting the plural, not a difference in the statute. Both versions run to the same word count and nothing else differs.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/4746.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。