quoroom.org 查找选举监察员

加州 · 戴维斯-斯特林法

关于屋顶的两类争议。

屋顶用什么材料、上面可以安装什么,以及一个屋顶覆盖多户业主、而他们都想利用阳光时,屋顶如何划分。本法对这几个问题分别作出规定,而且尺寸很关键:36英寸,以及在协会要求进行太阳能场地勘测时,勘测必须公平分配的屋顶可用面积。

条文 民法典 §§ 4720, 4725 章 第5章,财产使用与维护 收录条文 2 条文核实 2026-11-03

屋顶用什么材料

《加州民法典》§ 4720(a)只有一句话,是一条禁止性规定:任何业主协会(HOA)都不得要求业主以违反《加州健康与安全法典》第13132.7条的方式安装或维修屋顶——该条是加州的屋顶防火阻燃标准。出于美观考虑的约定条款不能凌驾于防火规定之上。

§ 4720(b)对位于极高火灾危险区的社区要求更进一步——这类区域由加州林业和消防局局长(Director of Forestry and Fire Protection)或地方机构划定。在这些区域,管理文件必须允许至少一种符合该标准的阻燃屋面材料。不是“不得禁止”,而是必须主动允许一种。如果一份获准材料清单碰巧不含任何符合标准的选项,就不满足该款的要求。

天线与卫星天线:36英寸的界线

§ 4725(a)规定,任何实际上禁止或限制安装、使用影像或电视天线(包括卫星天线)的约定条款均属无效——实际上限制将天线固定在建筑物上、而从任何街道或公共区域都看不到该天线的条款也是如此——但仅适用于直径或对角线尺寸不超过36英寸的天线。超过这一尺寸,本条就帮不上忙。

§ 4725(b)接着保留了合理限制,其定义采用了本法用于充电站的同一套成本与性能标准:即不会大幅增加天线系统(包括所有相关设备)的成本,也不会大幅降低其效率或性能的限制。该款还列出四项属于合理限制的事项,因此对这几项无可争议:

  1. 要求在安装前向协会提交申请和通知。
  2. 在他人所有的独立产权单位上安装时,要求取得协会批准。
  3. 关于屋顶及其他建筑构件的维护、维修或更换的规定。
  4. 要求安装者就安装、维护或使用造成的损失或损害,向协会或其会员作出赔偿或补偿。

§ 4725(c):需要批准时,申请按照与建筑改动申请相同的方式处理,且不得故意拖延作出决定——与第4745条(e)的表述相同,但没有该条所附的60天视为批准规定。§ 4725(d)判给胜诉方律师费。

共用屋顶上的太阳能

太阳能有专门的法条,本站也有专门的页面。这项权利本身规定在民法典第714条和第714.1条——这两条还用具体数字界定了何为不合理限制,并禁止协会要求就屋顶系统进行会员表决——第4746条则补充了多户业主共用的多户住宅屋顶的规则,其中包括协会可以要求的太阳能场地勘测,勘测必须在共用该屋顶的业主之间公平分配可用屋顶面积。见太阳能板与业主协会。

民法典 § 4720 — 英文原文

Roofing Materials — Fire Retardancy
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)No association may require a homeowner to install or repair a roof in a manner that is in violation of Section 13132.7 of the Health and Safety Code.
(b)Governing documents of a common interest development located within a very high fire severity zone, as designated by the Director of Forestry and Fire Protection pursuant to Article 9 (commencing with Section 4201) of Chapter 1 of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Public Resources Code or by a local agency pursuant to Chapter 6.8 (commencing with Section 51175) of Part 1 of Division 1 of Title 5 of the Government Code, shall allow for at least one type of fire retardant roof covering material that meets the requirements of Section 13132.7 of the Health and Safety Code.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4720.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4725 — 英文原文

Video or Television Antennas and Satellite Dishes
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Any covenant, condition, or restriction contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument affecting the transfer or sale of, or any interest in, a common interest development that effectively prohibits or restricts the installation or use of a video or television antenna, including a satellite dish, or that effectively prohibits or restricts the attachment of that antenna to a structure within that development where the antenna is not visible from any street or common area, except as otherwise prohibited or restricted by law, is void and unenforceable as to its application to the installation or use of a video or television antenna that has a diameter or diagonal measurement of 36 inches or less.
(b)This section shall not apply to any covenant, condition, or restriction, as described in subdivision (a), that imposes reasonable restrictions on the installation or use of a video or television antenna, including a satellite dish, that has a diameter or diagonal measurement of 36 inches or less. For purposes of this section, “reasonable restrictions” means those restrictions that do not significantly increase the cost of the video or television antenna system, including all related equipment, or significantly decrease its efficiency or performance and include all of the following:
(b)(1)Requirements for application and notice to the association prior to the installation.
(b)(2)Requirement of a member to obtain the approval of the association for the installation of a video or television antenna that has a diameter or diagonal measurement of 36 inches or less on a separate interest owned by another.
(b)(3)Provision for the maintenance, repair, or replacement of roofs or other building components.
(b)(4)Requirements for installers of a video or television antenna to indemnify or reimburse the association or its members for loss or damage caused by the installation, maintenance, or use of a video or television antenna that has a diameter or diagonal measurement of 36 inches or less.
(c)Whenever approval is required for the installation or use of a video or television antenna, including a satellite dish, the application for approval shall be processed by the appropriate approving entity for the common interest development in the same manner as an application for approval of an architectural modification to the property, and the issuance of a decision on the application shall not be willfully delayed.
(d)In any action to enforce compliance with this section, the prevailing party shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4725.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。