加州 · 戴維斯-斯特林法
關於屋頂的兩類爭議。
屋頂用什麼材料、上面可以安裝什麼,以及一個屋頂覆蓋多戶業主、而他們都想利用陽光時,屋頂如何劃分。本法對這幾個問題分別作出規定,而且尺寸很關鍵:36英寸,以及在協會要求進行太陽能場地勘測時,勘測必須公平分配的屋頂可用面積。
條文 民法典 §§ 4720, 4725
章 第5章,財產使用與維護
收錄條文 2
條文核實 2026-11-03
屋頂用什麼材料
《加州民法典》§ 4720(a)只有一句話,是一條禁止性規定:任何業主協會(HOA)都不得要求業主以違反《加州健康與安全法典》第13132.7條的方式安裝或維修屋頂——該條是加州的屋頂防火阻燃標準。出於美觀考慮的約定條款不能凌駕於防火規定之上。
§ 4720(b)對位於極高火災危險區的社區要求更進一步——這類區域由加州林業和消防局局長(Director of Forestry and Fire Protection)或地方機構劃定。在這些區域,管理文件必須允許至少一種符合該標準的阻燃屋面材料。不是“不得禁止”,而是必須主動允許一種。如果一份獲准材料清單碰巧不含任何符合標準的選項,就不滿足該款的要求。
天線與衛星天線:36英寸的界線
§ 4725(a)規定,任何實際上禁止或限制安裝、使用影像或電視天線(包括衛星天線)的約定條款均屬無效——實際上限制將天線固定在建築物上、而從任何街道或公共區域都看不到該天線的條款也是如此——但僅適用於直徑或對角線尺寸不超過36英寸的天線。超過這一尺寸,本條就幫不上忙。
§ 4725(b)接著保留了合理限制,其定義採用了本法用於充電站的同一套成本與性能標準:即不會大幅增加天線系統(包括所有相關設備)的成本,也不會大幅降低其效率或性能的限制。該款還列出四項屬於合理限制的事項,因此對這幾項無可爭議:
- 要求在安裝前向協會提交申請和通知。
- 在他人所有的獨立產權單位上安裝時,要求取得協會批准。
- 關於屋頂及其他建築構件的維護、維修或更換的規定。
- 要求安裝者就安裝、維護或使用造成的損失或損害,向協會或其會員作出賠償或補償。
§ 4725(c):需要批准時,申請按照與建築改動申請相同的方式處理,且不得故意拖延作出決定——與第4745條(e)的表述相同,但沒有該條所附的60天視為批准規定。§ 4725(d)判給勝訴方律師費。
共用屋頂上的太陽能
太陽能有專門的法條,本站也有專門的頁面。這項權利本身規定在民法典第714條和第714.1條——這兩條還用具體數字界定了何為不合理限制,並禁止協會要求就屋頂系統進行會員表決——第4746條則補充了多戶業主共用的多戶住宅屋頂的規則,其中包括協會可以要求的太陽能場地勘測,勘測必須在共用該屋頂的業主之間公平分配可用屋頂面積。見太陽能板與業主協會。
民法典 § 4720 — 英文原文
Roofing Materials — Fire Retardancy
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)No association may require a homeowner to install or repair a roof in a manner that is in violation of Section 13132.7 of the Health and Safety Code.
(b)Governing documents of a common interest development located within a very high fire severity zone, as designated by the Director of Forestry and Fire Protection pursuant to Article 9 (commencing with Section 4201) of Chapter 1 of Part 2 of Division 4 of the Public Resources Code or by a local agency pursuant to Chapter 6.8 (commencing with Section 51175) of Part 1 of Division 1 of Title 5 of the Government Code, shall allow for at least one type of fire retardant roof covering material that meets the requirements of Section 13132.7 of the Health and Safety Code.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4720.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4725 — 英文原文
Video or Television Antennas and Satellite Dishes
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。
(a)Any covenant, condition, or restriction contained in any deed, contract, security instrument, or other instrument affecting the transfer or sale of, or any interest in, a common interest development that effectively prohibits or restricts the installation or use of a video or television antenna, including a satellite dish, or that effectively prohibits or restricts the attachment of that antenna to a structure within that development where the antenna is not visible from any street or common area, except as otherwise prohibited or restricted by law, is void and unenforceable as to its application to the installation or use of a video or television antenna that has a diameter or diagonal measurement of 36 inches or less.
(b)This section shall not apply to any covenant, condition, or restriction, as described in subdivision (a), that imposes reasonable restrictions on the installation or use of a video or television antenna, including a satellite dish, that has a diameter or diagonal measurement of 36 inches or less. For purposes of this section, “reasonable restrictions” means those restrictions that do not significantly increase the cost of the video or television antenna system, including all related equipment, or significantly decrease its efficiency or performance and include all of the following:
(b)(1)Requirements for application and notice to the association prior to the installation.
(b)(2)Requirement of a member to obtain the approval of the association for the installation of a video or television antenna that has a diameter or diagonal measurement of 36 inches or less on a separate interest owned by another.
(b)(3)Provision for the maintenance, repair, or replacement of roofs or other building components.
(b)(4)Requirements for installers of a video or television antenna to indemnify or reimburse the association or its members for loss or damage caused by the installation, maintenance, or use of a video or television antenna that has a diameter or diagonal measurement of 36 inches or less.
(c)Whenever approval is required for the installation or use of a video or television antenna, including a satellite dish, the application for approval shall be processed by the appropriate approving entity for the common interest development in the same manner as an application for approval of an architectural modification to the property, and the issuance of a decision on the application shall not be willfully delayed.
(d)In any action to enforce compliance with this section, the prevailing party shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4725.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。