加州 · 戴維斯-斯特林法
一隻寵物、一塊菜地和一根晾衣繩。
三個簡短的條文，每一條都讓一類常見的約定條款失效，每一條又都給業主協會（HOA）保留了“合理限制”的空間。其中兩條對這個說法作了定義；沒有定義的那一條是關於寵物的，而這一差別很重要。
條文 民法典 §§ 4715, 4750, 4753
章 第5章，財產使用與維護
收錄條文 3
條文核實 2026-11-03
至少一隻寵物
§ 4715(a)：任何管理文件都不得禁止業主在開發項目內飼養至少一隻寵物，但須遵守協會的合理規則和規定。而且該條並不切斷其他權利——它不得被解釋為影響法律上飼養動物的任何其他權利，服務動物或輔助動物的情況就屬於此類。
§ 4715(b)將寵物定義為任何馴養的鳥、貓、狗或養在水族箱中的水生動物——或協會與業主約定的任何其他動物。除經雙方約定外，這份清單不容擴充，因此爬行動物或兔子只有在協會同意的情況下，才算本條所說的寵物。
§ 4715(d)的適用範圍之廣值得注意：這裡的“管理文件”包括CC&Rs（契約、條件與限制）、章程以及規則和規定。聲明書（declaration）不能規定的內容，董事會也不能借規則來實現。
新的限制不及於已經在養的動物
§ 4715(c)：如果協會通過一項規則，限制業主可以飼養的寵物數量，只要業主已有的寵物符合先前的規則，新規則就不適用于禁止業主繼續飼養該寵物。限制只對今後適用，並不要求任何人把動物送走。
在依賴上述任何內容之前，有一個日期需要核對。§ 4715(e)規定，該條自2001年1月1日起施行，並且僅適用於在該日或之後訂立、修訂或以其他方式修改的管理文件。此前訂立、此後從未改動過的文件，不在其適用範圍之內。
在自家後院種植食物
§ 4750(b)規定，管理文件中實際上禁止或不合理地限制將業主後院用於個人農業種植的任何條款均屬無效——這個術語完全借自《加州民法典》第1940.10條。
有兩條界限。§ 4750(d)：該條僅適用於指定由業主專用的院子——不適用於公共區域，也不適用於共用的院子。而§ 4750(e)允許協會要求定期清除枯死植物和雜草，但明確排除了用於滋養土壤、保持水分的稻草、覆蓋物、堆肥及其他有機材料。關於整潔的規則依然有效；鋪了覆蓋物的苗床並不算不整潔。
晾衣繩與晾衣架
§ 4753(c)對業主後院的晾衣繩或晾衣架作了同樣的規定，同樣經第4753條(d)(3)限定於指定由業主專用的後院。
關鍵在定義裡。§ 4753(a)和(b)說明了什麼才算數——繩索、繩子或金屬線，或用於晾掛衣物的裝置——然後兩款都加上同一句話：陽臺、欄杆、遮陽篷或結構物、建築物的其他部分不符合資格。受保護的是您自己架設的晾衣繩，而不是把衣物搭在欄杆上。
“合理”被定義了兩次，用的是同樣的措辭
§ 4750(c)(2)和§ 4753(d)(2)都將合理限制定義為不會顯著增加該活動成本的限制——民法典第4750條還加上了“或不會顯著降低其效率”。這與本法對電動汽車充電站依第4745條(b)(2)所適用的檢驗相同：一項關於成本和性能的效果檢驗，完全不涉及外觀。第4715條沒有這樣的定義，因此寵物規則只按一般的合理性標準來衡量。
民法典 § 4715 — 英文原文
Keeping at Least One Pet
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)No governing documents shall prohibit the owner of a separate interest within a common interest development from keeping at least one pet within the common interest development, subject to reasonable rules and regulations of the association. This section may not be construed to affect any other rights provided by law to an owner of a separate interest to keep a pet within the development.
(b)For purposes of this section, “pet” means any domesticated bird, cat, dog, aquatic animal kept within an aquarium, or other animal as agreed to between the association and the homeowner.
(c)If the association implements a rule or regulation restricting the number of pets an owner may keep, the new rule or regulation shall not apply to prohibit an owner from continuing to keep any pet that the owner currently keeps in the owner’s separate interest if the pet otherwise conforms with the previous rules or regulations relating to pets.
(d)For the purposes of this section, “governing documents” shall include, but are not limited to, the conditions, covenants, and restrictions of the common interest development, and the bylaws, rules, and regulations of the association.
(e)This section shall become operative on January 1, 2001, and shall only apply to governing documents entered into, amended, or otherwise modified on or after that date.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4715.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4750 — 英文原文
Personal Agriculture in a Backyard
Added by Stats. 2014, Ch. 584, Sec. 3. (AB 2561) Effective January 1, 2015.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)For the purposes of this section, “personal agriculture” has the same definition as in Section 1940.10.
(b)Any provision of a governing document, as defined in Section 4150, shall be void and unenforceable if it effectively prohibits or unreasonably restricts the use of a homeowner’s backyard for personal agriculture.
(c)(1)This section does not apply to provisions that impose reasonable restrictions on the use of a homeowner’s yard for personal agriculture.
(c)(2)For purposes of this section, “reasonable restrictions” are restrictions that do not significantly increase the cost of engaging in personal agriculture or significantly decrease its efficiency.
(d)This section applies only to yards that are designated for the exclusive use of the homeowner.
(e)This section shall not prohibit a homeowners’ association from applying rules and regulations requiring that dead plant material and weeds, with the exception of straw, mulch, compost, and other organic materials intended to encourage vegetation and retention of moisture in the soil, are regularly cleared from the backyard.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4750.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4753 — 英文原文
Clotheslines and Drying Racks
Added by renumbering Section 4750.10 by Stats. 2016, Ch. 714, Sec. 7. (SB 944) Effective January 1, 2017.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)For the purposes of this section, “clothesline” includes a cord, rope, or wire from which laundered items may be hung to dry or air. A balcony, railing, awning, or other part of a structure or building shall not qualify as a clothesline.
(b)For the purposes of this section, “drying rack” means an apparatus from which laundered items may be hung to dry or air. A balcony, railing, awning, or other part of a structure or building shall not qualify as a drying rack.
(c)Any provision of a governing document, as defined in Section 4150, shall be void and unenforceable if it effectively prohibits or unreasonably restricts an owner’s ability to use a clothesline or drying rack in the owner’s backyard.
(d)(1)This section does not apply to provisions that impose reasonable restrictions on an owner’s backyard for the use of a clothesline or drying rack.
(d)(2)For purposes of this section, “reasonable restrictions” are restrictions that do not significantly increase the cost of using a clothesline or drying rack.
(d)(3)This section applies only to backyards that are designated for the exclusive use of the owner.
(e)Nothing in this section shall prohibit an association from establishing and enforcing reasonable rules governing clotheslines or drying racks.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4753.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。