加州 · 戴維斯-斯特林法 · 第10章和第11章
CC&Rs（契約、條件與限制）究竟是什麼，以及誰可以就此訴諸法院。
本法關於執行的全部規定都由四條承載：已登記備案的約定條款在法律上是什麼，誰有資格據此起訴，業主協會（HOA）自身的過錯如何計算，以及管理文件不得設置障礙的唯一一類訴訟。
條文 民法典 §§ 5975, 5980, 5985, 5986, 6100, 6150
章 第10章，爭議解決與執行 · 第4節，民事訴訟 · 第11章，建築缺陷訴訟
收錄條文 6
條文核實 2026-11-03
約定條款就是地役權，除非它不合理
《加州民法典》第5975條(a)是其他一切規定的基礎。聲明書（declaration）中的約定條款和限制應當是可強制執行的衡平法地役權，除非其不合理，並且對所有獨立產權單位的業主有利，也約束所有這些業主。除非聲明書另有規定，這些條款可以由任何業主執行，也可以由協會執行，或由兩者共同執行。
由此得出三點，很容易被忽略。已登記備案的約定條款隨土地轉移，而不是依靠合約產生約束力，因此從未簽署任何文件的業主也受其約束。“除非其不合理”是一項始終有效的限定條件，並非起草時的修飾語——質疑約定條款不可強制執行，正是以它為依據。此外，執行並不是協會的專屬權利：鄰居可以直接依據聲明書起訴鄰居。
第5975條(b)對其他文件的處理有所不同。不是聲明書的管理文件——章程、運營規則——可以由協會對業主執行，也可以由業主對協會執行。從字面上看，不包括一名業主對另一名業主執行。聲明書使所有人對所有人負有義務；其餘文件則只在會員與協會之間發生效力。
勝訴方依法獲判律師費
民法典第5975條(c)：在執行管理文件的訴訟中，應當判給勝訴方合理的律師費和訴訟費用。是“應當”，而且——與充電站條文和災後重建條文中的單向判給不同——這一規定是雙向的。業主就CC&Rs起訴協會而敗訴的，須支付協會的律師費。正是這種對等，使擋在訴訟前面的替代性爭議解決關口值得認真對待；第5960條允許法院在確定金額時考慮不合理的拒絕協商，也正是因為有這一規定才有了實際作用。
協會以自己的名義起訴
民法典第5980條賦予協會訴訟資格：協會可以以自己的名義、作為真正利害關係人，無須將會員列為當事人，提起、應訴、和解或參與訴訟、仲裁、調解或行政程序。正因如此，建築缺陷或公共區域案件才切實可行；否則就必須把每一位業主都列為原告。
這一資格並非普遍適用。它只涵蓋四類事項：
- (a)執行管理文件。
- (b)公共區域受損。
- (c)獨立產權單位受損，且該單位屬於協會有義務維護或維修的部分。
- (d)獨立產權單位受損，且該損害源於公共區域或協會必須維護或維修的獨立產權單位所受損害，或與之密不可分。
第(c)項和第(d)項取決於維護責任的劃分，因此“協會可以就此起訴嗎？”這個問題的答案，往往要到誰負責維修什麼一頁中去找，而不是在這裡。
協會自身應承擔的過錯
民法典第5985條(a)：協會依照第5980條(b)、(c)或(d)提起訴訟時，其獲得的賠償依照比較過錯原則，按協會或其管理代理人（managing agent）的過錯比例直接扣減。但提出的方式很重要。這種過錯可以作為抗辯提出；但如果唯一的損害由協會或其會員承受，則不得作為反訴或單獨訴訟的依據，藉以向協會或其管理代理人請求分擔或默示補償。該款隨後作為明示的立法意圖再次重申：應將其作為積極抗辯提出，而不是作為單獨的訴因。
第5985條(b)更進一步。被告或反訴被告可以主張並證明協會的比較過錯，作為抵銷，即使協會不是當事人——或者已不再是當事人，無論是因和解、撤訴或其他原因。通過和解退出訴訟，並不能使協會的行為不再被審視。
第5985條(c)將上述兩款的適用範圍限於1993年1月1日或之後提起的訴訟，(d)款則保留了民法典第1431條規定的責任，以及協會或其代理人因作為或不作為損害他人而須承擔的自身責任。
起訴開發商：無效的前提條件
民法典第5986條由SB 326於2019年增訂；在本頁所有內容中，這一條最有可能與協會自己的文件相沖突。
在遵守第6150條的前提下——該條要求董事會通知會員召開會議，討論包括可能導致提起民事訴訟的問題在內的事項——並且即使管理文件中有任何相反規定，董事會仍有權對開發商（declarant或developer）或建築商提起並進行索賠、民事訴訟、仲裁、依照第6000條或《維修權法》（Right to Repair Act）進行的訴前程序，或其他程序。如果董事會中仍有由該開發商或建築商任命或與其有關聯的成員，該決定僅由無關聯的董事作出。
不得把會員表決設為前提條件
民法典第5986條(b)說得直截了當。管理文件不得對這一權力施加任何前提條件或限制，該款還點名了常見的做法：要求會員表決作為前提，或以其他方式給予開發商對董事會決定——或對任何附帶決定，包括聘請律師或支出費用——的否決權。任何此類限制均不可強制執行，且無效，未遵守此類限制不得作為抗辯理由。這一條應與會員必須享有的四項表決放在一起看：在這裡，本法反其道而行，禁止設置任何表決要求。
第5986條(c)留下了一條路。如果此類限制僅由與開發商無關聯的會員通過，並且按照修訂管理文件所需的程序通過，則該限制有效。法律反對的不是限制本身，而是開發商把它寫進自己起草的文件中。
第5986條(d)規定，本條適用於所有管理文件，無論其在本條生效之前或之後登記備案，並且追溯適用於本條生效之前提出的索賠——但已通過簽署的和解協議、最終仲裁裁決或對實體問題作出的最終司法裁決解決的索賠除外。第5986條(e)排除了一種明顯的過度解讀：本條的任何規定都不延長任何訴訟時效或除斥期間。
第5986條以之為前提的會議
民法典第6150條(a)：因所稱公共區域或協會必須維護的獨立產權單位受損而對開發商提起民事訴訟之前，協會應當至少提前30天通知每一位會員三項內容——將召開會議，討論可能導致訴訟的問題及其潛在影響，包括財務影響；可供選擇的方案，其中包括民事訴訟；以及該會議的時間和地點。
(b)款提供了訴訟時效所迫使的例外：如果協會有理由相信訴訟時效會先屆滿，可以改為在起訴後30天內發出通知——這正是第5986條(a)所指的例外。會議仍然要召開，只是改在起訴之後而不是之前召開。
結束時要告知會員什麼
民法典第6100條(a)：與建築商達成和解或以其他方式解決所稱缺陷後，協會應當在合理可行的範圍內儘快向會員披露：協會合理相信將被糾正或更換的缺陷的概況；對何時糾正或更換的誠信估計，協會可以說明該估計可能變動；以及未列入該清單的索賠的現狀。
隨後還有兩項保護。(b)款允許協會修改披露內容，修改後的內容取代先前提供的相沖突的資料；(c)款規定，作出披露，不放棄與這些資料有關的任何特權——如果沒有這一規定，任何協會的律師都不會讓協會透露任何內容。這份文件也是賣方依照第4525條(a)(7)必須交給買方的文件之一。
民法典 § 5975 — 英文原文
Covenants Enforceable as Equitable Servitudes — and Attorney's Fees
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)The covenants and restrictions in the declaration shall be enforceable equitable servitudes, unless unreasonable, and shall inure to the benefit of and bind all owners of separate interests in the development. Unless the declaration states otherwise, these servitudes may be enforced by any owner of a separate interest or by the association, or by both.
(b)A governing document other than the declaration may be enforced by the association against an owner of a separate interest or by an owner of a separate interest against the association.
(c)In an action to enforce the governing documents, the prevailing party shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/5975.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 5980 — 英文原文
The Association's Standing to Sue in Its Own Name
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
An association has standing to institute, defend, settle, or intervene in litigation, arbitration, mediation, or administrative proceedings in its own name as the real party in interest and without joining with it the members, in matters pertaining to the following:
(a)Enforcement of the governing documents.
(b)Damage to the common area.
(c)Damage to a separate interest that the association is obligated to maintain or repair.
(d)Damage to a separate interest that arises out of, or is integrally related to, damage to the common area or a separate interest that the association is obligated to maintain or repair.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/5980.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 5985 — 英文原文
Comparative Fault of the Association
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)In an action maintained by an association pursuant to subdivision (b), (c), or (d) of Section 5980, the amount of damages recovered by the association shall be reduced by the amount of damages allocated to the association or its managing agents in direct proportion to their percentage of fault based upon principles of comparative fault. The comparative fault of the association or its managing agents may be raised by way of defense, but shall not be the basis for a cross-action or separate action against the association or its managing agents for contribution or implied indemnity, where the only damage was sustained by the association or its members. It is the intent of the Legislature in enacting this subdivision to require that comparative fault be pleaded as an affirmative defense, rather than a separate cause of action, where the only damage was sustained by the association or its members.
(b)In an action involving damages described in subdivision (b), (c), or (d) of Section 5980, the defendant or cross-defendant may allege and prove the comparative fault of the association or its managing agents as a setoff to the liability of the defendant or cross-defendant even if the association is not a party to the litigation or is no longer a party whether by reason of settlement, dismissal, or otherwise.
(c)Subdivisions (a) and (b) apply to actions commenced on or after January 1, 1993.
(d)Nothing in this section affects a person’s liability under Section 1431, or the liability of the association or its managing agent for an act or omission that causes damages to another.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/5985.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 5986 — 英文原文
Claims Against a Declarant, Developer or Builder
Added by Stats. 2019, Ch. 207, Sec. 2. (SB 326) Effective January 1, 2020.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)Subject to compliance with Section 6150, which requires the board to provide notice of a meeting with the members to discuss, among other things, problems that may lead to the filing of a civil action, before the board files a civil action against a declarant or other developer, or within 30 days after it files the action, if the association has reason to believe that the applicable statute of limitations will expire, and notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in the governing documents, the board shall have the authority to commence and pursue a claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process pursuant to Section 6000 or Title 7 (commencing with Section 895) of Part 2 of Division 2, or other legal proceeding against a declarant, developer, or builder of a common interest development. If the board includes members appointed by, or affiliated with, the declarant, developer, or builder, the decision and authority to commence and pursue legal proceedings shall be vested solely in the nonaffiliated board members.
(b)The governing documents shall not impose any preconditions or limitations on the board’s authority to commence and pursue any claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process pursuant to Section 6000 or Title 7 (commencing with Section 895) of Part 2 of Division 2, or other legal proceeding against a declarant, developer, or builder of a common interest development. Any limitation or precondition, including, but not limited to, requiring a membership vote as a prerequisite to, or otherwise providing the declarant, developer, or builder with veto authority over, the board’s commencement and pursuit of a claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process, or legal proceeding against the declarant, developer, or builder, or any incidental decision of the board, including, but not limited to, retaining legal counsel or incurring costs or expenses, is unenforceable, null, and void. The failure to comply with those limitations or preconditions, if only, shall not be asserted as a defense to any claim or action described in this section.
(c)Notwithstanding subdivision (a) or (b), any provision in the governing documents imposing limitations or preconditions on the board’s authority to commence and pursue claims shall be valid and enforceable if the provision is adopted solely by the nondeclarant affiliated members of the association and the provision is adopted in accordance with the requirements necessary to amend the governing documents of the association.
(d)This section applies to all governing documents, whether recorded before or after the effective date of this section, and applies retroactively to claims initiated before the effective date of this section, except if those claims have been resolved through an executed settlement, a final arbitration decision, or a final judicial decision on the merits.
(e)Nothing in this section extends any applicable statute of limitation or repose to file or initiate any claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process, or other legal proceeding. Nothing in this section shall affect any other obligations of an association contained in Title 7 (commencing with Section 895) of Part 2 of Division 2, or any other provision in the covenants, conditions, and restrictions of the association related to arbitration or other alternative dispute resolution procedures.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/5986.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 6100 — 英文原文
Disclosure After a Construction Defect Claim Is Resolved
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)As soon as is reasonably practicable after the association and the builder have entered into a settlement agreement or the matter has otherwise been resolved regarding alleged defects in the common areas, alleged defects in the separate interests that the association is obligated to maintain or repair, or alleged defects in the separate interests that arise out of, or are integrally related to, defects in the common areas or separate interests that the association is obligated to maintain or repair, where the defects giving rise to the dispute have not been corrected, the association shall, in writing, inform only the members of the association whose names appear on the records of the association that the matter has been resolved, by settlement agreement or other means, and disclose all of the following:
(a)(1)A general description of the defects that the association reasonably believes, as of the date of the disclosure, will be corrected or replaced.
(a)(2)A good faith estimate, as of the date of the disclosure, of when the association believes that the defects identified in paragraph (1) will be corrected or replaced. The association may state that the estimate may be modified.
(a)(3)The status of the claims for defects in the design or construction of the common interest development that were not identified in paragraph (1) whether expressed in a preliminary list of defects sent to each member of the association or otherwise claimed and disclosed to the members of the association.
(b)Nothing in this section shall preclude an association from amending the disclosures required pursuant to subdivision (a), and any amendments shall supersede any prior conflicting information disclosed to the members of the association and shall retain any privilege attached to the original disclosures.
(c)Disclosure of the information required pursuant to subdivision (a) or authorized by subdivision (b) shall not waive any privilege attached to the information.
(d)For the purposes of the disclosures required pursuant to this section, the term “defects” shall be defined to include any damage resulting from defects.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/6100.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 6150 — 英文原文
The Meeting Before Suing the Declarant
Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 207, Sec. 3. (SB 326) Effective January 1, 2020.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)Not later than 30 days before filing of any civil action by the association against the declarant or other developer of a common interest development for alleged damage to the common areas, alleged damage to the separate interests that the association is obligated to maintain or repair, or alleged damage to the separate interests that arises out of, or is integrally related to, damage to the common areas or separate interests that the association is obligated to maintain or repair, the board shall provide a written notice to each member of the association who appears on the records of the association when the notice is provided. This notice shall specify all of the following:
(a)(1)That a meeting will take place to discuss problems that may lead to the filing of a civil action, in addition to the potential impacts thereof to the association and its members, including any financial impacts.
(a)(2)The options, including civil actions, that are available to address the problems.
(a)(3)The time and place of the meeting.
(b)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), if the association has reason to believe that the applicable statute of limitations will expire before the association files the civil action, the association may give the notice, as described above, within 30 days after the filing of the action.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/6150.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。