加州 · 戴维斯-斯特林法 · 第10章和第11章
CC&Rs（契约、条件与限制）究竟是什么，以及谁可以就此诉诸法院。
本法关于执行的全部规定都由四条承载：已登记备案的约定条款在法律上是什么，谁有资格据此起诉，业主协会（HOA）自身的过错如何计算，以及管理文件不得设置障碍的唯一一类诉讼。
条文 民法典 §§ 5975, 5980, 5985, 5986, 6100, 6150
章 第10章，争议解决与执行 · 第4节，民事诉讼 · 第11章，建筑缺陷诉讼
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条文核实 2026-11-03
约定条款就是地役权，除非它不合理
《加州民法典》第5975条(a)是其他一切规定的基础。声明书（declaration）中的约定条款和限制应当是可强制执行的衡平法地役权，除非其不合理，并且对所有独立产权单位的业主有利，也约束所有这些业主。除非声明书另有规定，这些条款可以由任何业主执行，也可以由协会执行，或由两者共同执行。
由此得出三点，很容易被忽略。已登记备案的约定条款随土地转移，而不是依靠合约产生约束力，因此从未签署任何文件的业主也受其约束。“除非其不合理”是一项始终有效的限定条件，并非起草时的修饰语——质疑约定条款不可强制执行，正是以它为依据。此外，执行并不是协会的专属权利：邻居可以直接依据声明书起诉邻居。
第5975条(b)对其他文件的处理有所不同。不是声明书的管理文件——章程、运营规则——可以由协会对业主执行，也可以由业主对协会执行。从字面上看，不包括一名业主对另一名业主执行。声明书使所有人对所有人负有义务；其余文件则只在会员与协会之间发生效力。
胜诉方依法获判律师费
民法典第5975条(c)：在执行管理文件的诉讼中，应当判给胜诉方合理的律师费和诉讼费用。是“应当”，而且——与充电站条文和灾后重建条文中的单向判给不同——这一规定是双向的。业主就CC&Rs起诉协会而败诉的，须支付协会的律师费。正是这种对等，使挡在诉讼前面的替代性争议解决关口值得认真对待；第5960条允许法院在确定金额时考虑不合理的拒绝协商，也正是因为有这一规定才有了实际作用。
协会以自己的名义起诉
民法典第5980条赋予协会诉讼资格：协会可以以自己的名义、作为真正利害关系人，无须将会员列为当事人，提起、应诉、和解或参与诉讼、仲裁、调解或行政程序。正因如此，建筑缺陷或公共区域案件才切实可行；否则就必须把每一位业主都列为原告。
这一资格并非普遍适用。它只涵盖四类事项：
- (a)执行管理文件。
- (b)公共区域受损。
- (c)独立产权单位受损，且该单位属于协会有义务维护或维修的部分。
- (d)独立产权单位受损，且该损害源于公共区域或协会必须维护或维修的独立产权单位所受损害，或与之密不可分。
第(c)项和第(d)项取决于维护责任的划分，因此“协会可以就此起诉吗？”这个问题的答案，往往要到谁负责维修什么一页中去找，而不是在这里。
协会自身应承担的过错
民法典第5985条(a)：协会依照第5980条(b)、(c)或(d)提起诉讼时，其获得的赔偿依照比较过错原则，按协会或其管理代理人（managing agent）的过错比例直接扣减。但提出的方式很重要。这种过错可以作为抗辩提出；但如果唯一的损害由协会或其会员承受，则不得作为反诉或单独诉讼的依据，借以向协会或其管理代理人请求分担或默示补偿。该款随后作为明示的立法意图再次重申：应将其作为积极抗辩提出，而不是作为单独的诉因。
第5985条(b)更进一步。被告或反诉被告可以主张并证明协会的比较过错，作为抵销，即使协会不是当事人——或者已不再是当事人，无论是因和解、撤诉或其他原因。通过和解退出诉讼，并不能使协会的行为不再被审视。
第5985条(c)将上述两款的适用范围限于1993年1月1日或之后提起的诉讼，(d)款则保留了民法典第1431条规定的责任，以及协会或其代理人因作为或不作为损害他人而须承担的自身责任。
起诉开发商：无效的前提条件
民法典第5986条由SB 326于2019年增订；在本页所有内容中，这一条最有可能与协会自己的文件相冲突。
在遵守第6150条的前提下——该条要求董事会通知会员召开会议，讨论包括可能导致提起民事诉讼的问题在内的事项——并且即使管理文件中有任何相反规定，董事会仍有权对开发商（declarant或developer）或建筑商提起并进行索赔、民事诉讼、仲裁、依照第6000条或《维修权法》（Right to Repair Act）进行的诉前程序，或其他程序。如果董事会中仍有由该开发商或建筑商任命或与其有关联的成员，该决定仅由无关联的董事作出。
不得把会员表决设为前提条件
民法典第5986条(b)说得直截了当。管理文件不得对这一权力施加任何前提条件或限制，该款还点名了常见的做法：要求会员表决作为前提，或以其他方式给予开发商对董事会决定——或对任何附带决定，包括聘请律师或支出费用——的否决权。任何此类限制均不可强制执行，且无效，未遵守此类限制不得作为抗辩理由。这一条应与会员必须享有的四项表决放在一起看：在这里，本法反其道而行，禁止设置任何表决要求。
第5986条(c)留下了一条路。如果此类限制仅由与开发商无关联的会员通过，并且按照修订管理文件所需的程序通过，则该限制有效。法律反对的不是限制本身，而是开发商把它写进自己起草的文件中。
第5986条(d)规定，本条适用于所有管理文件，无论其在本条生效之前或之后登记备案，并且追溯适用于本条生效之前提出的索赔——但已通过签署的和解协议、最终仲裁裁决或对实体问题作出的最终司法裁决解决的索赔除外。第5986条(e)排除了一种明显的过度解读：本条的任何规定都不延长任何诉讼时效或除斥期间。
第5986条以之为前提的会议
民法典第6150条(a)：因所称公共区域或协会必须维护的独立产权单位受损而对开发商提起民事诉讼之前，协会应当至少提前30天通知每一位会员三项内容——将召开会议，讨论可能导致诉讼的问题及其潜在影响，包括财务影响；可供选择的方案，其中包括民事诉讼；以及该会议的时间和地点。
(b)款提供了诉讼时效所迫使的例外：如果协会有理由相信诉讼时效会先届满，可以改为在起诉后30天内发出通知——这正是第5986条(a)所指的例外。会议仍然要召开，只是改在起诉之后而不是之前召开。
结束时要告知会员什么
民法典第6100条(a)：与建筑商达成和解或以其他方式解决所称缺陷后，协会应当在合理可行的范围内尽快向会员披露：协会合理相信将被纠正或更换的缺陷的概况；对何时纠正或更换的诚信估计，协会可以说明该估计可能变动；以及未列入该清单的索赔的现状。
随后还有两项保护。(b)款允许协会修改披露内容，修改后的内容取代先前提供的相冲突的资料；(c)款规定，作出披露，不放弃与这些资料有关的任何特权——如果没有这一规定，任何协会的律师都不会让协会透露任何内容。这份文件也是卖方依照第4525条(a)(7)必须交给买方的文件之一。
民法典 § 5975 — 英文原文
Covenants Enforceable as Equitable Servitudes — and Attorney's Fees
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
(a)The covenants and restrictions in the declaration shall be enforceable equitable servitudes, unless unreasonable, and shall inure to the benefit of and bind all owners of separate interests in the development. Unless the declaration states otherwise, these servitudes may be enforced by any owner of a separate interest or by the association, or by both.
(b)A governing document other than the declaration may be enforced by the association against an owner of a separate interest or by an owner of a separate interest against the association.
(c)In an action to enforce the governing documents, the prevailing party shall be awarded reasonable attorney’s fees and costs.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/5975.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5980 — 英文原文
The Association's Standing to Sue in Its Own Name
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
An association has standing to institute, defend, settle, or intervene in litigation, arbitration, mediation, or administrative proceedings in its own name as the real party in interest and without joining with it the members, in matters pertaining to the following:
(a)Enforcement of the governing documents.
(b)Damage to the common area.
(c)Damage to a separate interest that the association is obligated to maintain or repair.
(d)Damage to a separate interest that arises out of, or is integrally related to, damage to the common area or a separate interest that the association is obligated to maintain or repair.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/5980.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5985 — 英文原文
Comparative Fault of the Association
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
(a)In an action maintained by an association pursuant to subdivision (b), (c), or (d) of Section 5980, the amount of damages recovered by the association shall be reduced by the amount of damages allocated to the association or its managing agents in direct proportion to their percentage of fault based upon principles of comparative fault. The comparative fault of the association or its managing agents may be raised by way of defense, but shall not be the basis for a cross-action or separate action against the association or its managing agents for contribution or implied indemnity, where the only damage was sustained by the association or its members. It is the intent of the Legislature in enacting this subdivision to require that comparative fault be pleaded as an affirmative defense, rather than a separate cause of action, where the only damage was sustained by the association or its members.
(b)In an action involving damages described in subdivision (b), (c), or (d) of Section 5980, the defendant or cross-defendant may allege and prove the comparative fault of the association or its managing agents as a setoff to the liability of the defendant or cross-defendant even if the association is not a party to the litigation or is no longer a party whether by reason of settlement, dismissal, or otherwise.
(c)Subdivisions (a) and (b) apply to actions commenced on or after January 1, 1993.
(d)Nothing in this section affects a person’s liability under Section 1431, or the liability of the association or its managing agent for an act or omission that causes damages to another.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/5985.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5986 — 英文原文
Claims Against a Declarant, Developer or Builder
Added by Stats. 2019, Ch. 207, Sec. 2. (SB 326) Effective January 1, 2020.
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
(a)Subject to compliance with Section 6150, which requires the board to provide notice of a meeting with the members to discuss, among other things, problems that may lead to the filing of a civil action, before the board files a civil action against a declarant or other developer, or within 30 days after it files the action, if the association has reason to believe that the applicable statute of limitations will expire, and notwithstanding any provision to the contrary in the governing documents, the board shall have the authority to commence and pursue a claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process pursuant to Section 6000 or Title 7 (commencing with Section 895) of Part 2 of Division 2, or other legal proceeding against a declarant, developer, or builder of a common interest development. If the board includes members appointed by, or affiliated with, the declarant, developer, or builder, the decision and authority to commence and pursue legal proceedings shall be vested solely in the nonaffiliated board members.
(b)The governing documents shall not impose any preconditions or limitations on the board’s authority to commence and pursue any claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process pursuant to Section 6000 or Title 7 (commencing with Section 895) of Part 2 of Division 2, or other legal proceeding against a declarant, developer, or builder of a common interest development. Any limitation or precondition, including, but not limited to, requiring a membership vote as a prerequisite to, or otherwise providing the declarant, developer, or builder with veto authority over, the board’s commencement and pursuit of a claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process, or legal proceeding against the declarant, developer, or builder, or any incidental decision of the board, including, but not limited to, retaining legal counsel or incurring costs or expenses, is unenforceable, null, and void. The failure to comply with those limitations or preconditions, if only, shall not be asserted as a defense to any claim or action described in this section.
(c)Notwithstanding subdivision (a) or (b), any provision in the governing documents imposing limitations or preconditions on the board’s authority to commence and pursue claims shall be valid and enforceable if the provision is adopted solely by the nondeclarant affiliated members of the association and the provision is adopted in accordance with the requirements necessary to amend the governing documents of the association.
(d)This section applies to all governing documents, whether recorded before or after the effective date of this section, and applies retroactively to claims initiated before the effective date of this section, except if those claims have been resolved through an executed settlement, a final arbitration decision, or a final judicial decision on the merits.
(e)Nothing in this section extends any applicable statute of limitation or repose to file or initiate any claim, civil action, arbitration, prelitigation process, or other legal proceeding. Nothing in this section shall affect any other obligations of an association contained in Title 7 (commencing with Section 895) of Part 2 of Division 2, or any other provision in the covenants, conditions, and restrictions of the association related to arbitration or other alternative dispute resolution procedures.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/5986.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 6100 — 英文原文
Disclosure After a Construction Defect Claim Is Resolved
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
(a)As soon as is reasonably practicable after the association and the builder have entered into a settlement agreement or the matter has otherwise been resolved regarding alleged defects in the common areas, alleged defects in the separate interests that the association is obligated to maintain or repair, or alleged defects in the separate interests that arise out of, or are integrally related to, defects in the common areas or separate interests that the association is obligated to maintain or repair, where the defects giving rise to the dispute have not been corrected, the association shall, in writing, inform only the members of the association whose names appear on the records of the association that the matter has been resolved, by settlement agreement or other means, and disclose all of the following:
(a)(1)A general description of the defects that the association reasonably believes, as of the date of the disclosure, will be corrected or replaced.
(a)(2)A good faith estimate, as of the date of the disclosure, of when the association believes that the defects identified in paragraph (1) will be corrected or replaced. The association may state that the estimate may be modified.
(a)(3)The status of the claims for defects in the design or construction of the common interest development that were not identified in paragraph (1) whether expressed in a preliminary list of defects sent to each member of the association or otherwise claimed and disclosed to the members of the association.
(b)Nothing in this section shall preclude an association from amending the disclosures required pursuant to subdivision (a), and any amendments shall supersede any prior conflicting information disclosed to the members of the association and shall retain any privilege attached to the original disclosures.
(c)Disclosure of the information required pursuant to subdivision (a) or authorized by subdivision (b) shall not waive any privilege attached to the information.
(d)For the purposes of the disclosures required pursuant to this section, the term “defects” shall be defined to include any damage resulting from defects.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/6100.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 6150 — 英文原文
The Meeting Before Suing the Declarant
Amended by Stats. 2019, Ch. 207, Sec. 3. (SB 326) Effective January 1, 2020.
条文以英文呈现，因为法律以英文颁布，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文；如与条文有出入，以条文为准。
(a)Not later than 30 days before filing of any civil action by the association against the declarant or other developer of a common interest development for alleged damage to the common areas, alleged damage to the separate interests that the association is obligated to maintain or repair, or alleged damage to the separate interests that arises out of, or is integrally related to, damage to the common areas or separate interests that the association is obligated to maintain or repair, the board shall provide a written notice to each member of the association who appears on the records of the association when the notice is provided. This notice shall specify all of the following:
(a)(1)That a meeting will take place to discuss problems that may lead to the filing of a civil action, in addition to the potential impacts thereof to the association and its members, including any financial impacts.
(a)(2)The options, including civil actions, that are available to address the problems.
(a)(3)The time and place of the meeting.
(b)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), if the association has reason to believe that the applicable statute of limitations will expire before the association files the civil action, the association may give the notice, as described above, within 30 days after the filing of the action.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室（Legislative Counsel）公布的条文，并与第二个来源逐字核对（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律属于政府法令，不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布，以该版本为准。
机器可读：/data/6150.json——同一条文，附分项锚点、日期和来源。