加州 · 戴維斯-斯特林法 · 第1章和第2章
本法使用的詞語，以及它們的含義。
28項定義，加上4條關於本法如何解讀自身的規定。大多數只有一行。但其中好幾行，就解決了本站其他頁面上反覆出現的爭論——誰算會員、陽臺歸誰，以及董事會可以把什麼列入議程。
條文 民法典 §§ 4000–4020, 4075–4190, 4200–4202
章 第1章，總則 · 第1節和第2節 · 第2章，本法的適用
收錄條文 35
條文核實 2026-11-03
《加州民法典》第4075條是關鍵所在：本節的定義適用於對本法的解釋。因此，下面的一切都不是對《戴維斯-斯特林法》的評論，而是本法的組成部分；管理文件即使以不同含義使用其中某個詞，也不會改變法條中該詞的含義。
四種開發項目，以及您所擁有之物的四種含義
§ 4100規定，共同利益開發項目（common interest development）只能是以下四種之一：社區公寓項目（community apartment project）、共管公寓項目、規劃開發社區或股份合作公寓（stock cooperative）。每一種都另有定義——見第4105、4125、4175和4190條。
而且，對於最重要的那個問題，每一種都有自己的答案。§ 4185(a)根據您所居住的開發項目屬於四種中的哪一種，賦予獨立產權單位四種不同的含義：
- 社區
公寓佔用一套公寓的專有權利。
- 共管公寓一個單獨所有的單元——即由已登記備案的地圖或共管公寓平面圖（condominium plan）描述其邊界的一個空間。
- 規劃
開發社區一塊單獨所有的地塊、宗地、區域或空間。
- 股份
合作公寓股東的專有居住權——產權由法人持有。
這就是為什麼同一個問題，在同一條街上的兩個社區會得到不同的答案。在共管公寓裡，您擁有的是一個空間；在規劃開發社區裡，您擁有的是土地；在股份合作公寓裡，您擁有的是股份和居住的權利。
決定誰有投票權的八個詞
§ 4160："Member" means an owner of a separate interest.（“會員”是指獨立產權單位的業主。）這就是投票權的全部依據。不是住戶，不是租戶，也不是一個家庭——而是獨立產權單位的業主，按照第4185條對該類開發項目的定義。本站上的每一次法定人數計算、每一項通過門檻和每一張選票，最終都要回到這八個詞。
陽臺條款
§ 4145(a)將專用公共區域定義為：聲明書指定供一位或多位——但不是全部——業主使用、附屬於其獨立產權單位的那部分公共區域。
§ 4145(b)隨後給出一份預設清單，大多數維護爭議在發生之前就由這一條決定了。除非聲明書另有規定，百葉窗、遮陽篷、窗臺花箱、門階、門廊臺階、門廊、陽臺、露臺、外門和門框都屬於專用公共區域。它們不是您獨立產權單位的一部分，但也不是普通的公共區域——這正是§ 4775(a)(4)把相關責任分開的原因：業主負責維護，業主協會（HOA）負責維修和更換。
董事會是什麼，以及它可以處理什麼
§ 4085和§ 4140各只有一行：董事會是協會的董事會，董事是自然人。一個實體無論擁有多少獨立產權單位，都不能擔任董事。
§ 4090從兩方面定義董事會會議：足以構成法定人數的董事在同一時間、同一地點聚集，聽取、討論或審議待議事項——或者通過遠程會議把身處不同地點、人數足夠的董事連接起來做同樣的事。第二種情形就是公開會議規則也適用於視訊通話的原因。
§ 4155定義了董事會可以處理的待議事項：其權限範圍內的任何行動，但不包括已經有效授權出去的行動——授權給他人、管理代理人（managing agent）、高級職員，或人數少於董事會法定人數的委員會。這一例外就是判斷某件事究竟應不應該列入議程的標準。
誰在管理，誰不算管理者
§ 4158(a)：管理代理人是指為取得報酬或期望取得報酬而對共同利益開發項目的資產行使控制權的人。(b)款隨後將正常營業中的受監管金融機構，以及在其執照範圍內執業的律師排除在外——這就是為什麼關於管理代理人的規則不適用於協會的銀行或律師。
通知的兩個法定名稱
§ 4148和§ 4153純粹是交叉引用，但值得了解，因為本法其他部分經常使用這些簡稱。一般通知是指依照第4045條的送達；個別通知是指依照第4040條的送達。某項規定要求的是哪一種，決定了會員是會收到一封信，還是只能看到一份張貼的通知——見通知如何送達會員。
§ 4150把各種文件歸在一起：管理文件是指聲明書，以及規範開發項目或協會運作的任何其他文件——章程、運營規則、設立條款（articles of incorporation or association）。董事會通過的規則也是管理文件，這就是為什麼本法中許多宣告“管理文件的條款”無效的條文，不僅適用於CC&Rs（契約、條件與限制），也適用於規則手冊。
本法何時適用
§ 4200是開關。每當一個獨立產權單位連同公共區域中的權益或協會會員資格被轉讓——或曾經被轉讓——本法即適用，共同利益開發項目即告成立，前提是已登記備案聲明書，如有共管公寓平面圖則一併登記備案，並在《土地分割圖法》（Subdivision Map Act）要求時登記備案最終地圖或地塊圖。僅有轉讓並不足夠；起決定作用的是登記備案。
另外兩條劃定了邊界。§ 4201：本法的任何內容都不適用於沒有公共區域的開發項目，並且該條說明它是對現行法律的宣示，而非變更。§ 4202：本部不適用於商業或工業共同利益開發項目，這類項目在法典中另有專門的一部。
本法如何解讀自身
- § 4000將本部命名為《戴維斯-斯特林共同利益開發項目法》（Davis-Stirling Common Interest Development Act），並允許其自稱“本法”。
- § 4005標題——無論是編、部、題、章、節還是條的標題——在任何方面都不影響其範圍、含義或立法意圖。由此推論，本站在每篇轉載條文上方加的編輯標題也是如此。
- § 4010保留條款：2014年的重編不會使2014年1月1日之前製作的文件或採取的行動失效，只要它們符合當時的法律。但有一項重要的例外——“文件”不包括管理文件。
- § 4020除非明確表達了相反意圖，地方分區法規應解讀為對同類建築一視同仁，而不論開發項目的形式。城市不得在無意中對共管公寓和相同的獨棟房屋適用不同的分區規定。
民法典 § 4000 — 英文原文
Name of the Act
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
This part shall be known and may be cited as the Davis-Stirling Common Interest Development Act. In a provision of this part, the part may be referred to as the act.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4000.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4005 — 英文原文
Headings Do Not Affect Meaning
Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 183, Sec. 7. (SB 745) Effective January 1, 2014.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
Division, part, title, chapter, article, and section headings do not in any manner affect the scope, meaning, or intent of this act.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4005.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4010 — 英文原文
Documents and Actions Taken Before 1 January 2014
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
Nothing in the act that added this part shall be construed to invalidate a document prepared or action taken before January 1, 2014, if the document or action was proper under the law governing common interest developments at the time that the document was prepared or the action was taken. For the purposes of this section, “document” does not include a governing document.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4010.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4020 — 英文原文
Local Zoning — Like Structures Treated Alike
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
Unless a contrary intent is clearly expressed, a local zoning ordinance is construed to treat like structures, lots, parcels, areas, or spaces in like manner regardless of the form of the common interest development.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4020.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4200 — 英文原文
When the Act Applies and a Development Is Created
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
This act applies and a common interest development is created whenever a separate interest coupled with an interest in the common area or membership in the association is, or has been, conveyed, provided all of the following are recorded:
(b)A condominium plan, if any exists.
(c)A final map or parcel map, if Division 2 (commencing with Section 66410) of Title 7 of the Government Code requires the recording of either a final map or parcel map for the common interest development.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4200.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4201 — 英文原文
Developments Without Common Area
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
Nothing in this act may be construed to apply to a real property development that does not contain common area. This section is declaratory of existing law.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4201.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4202 — 英文原文
Commercial and Industrial Developments Excluded
Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 605, Sec. 19. (SB 752) Effective January 1, 2014.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
This part does not apply to a commercial or industrial common interest development, as defined in Section 6531.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4202.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4075 — 英文原文
The Definitions Govern the Construction of the Act
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
The definitions in this article govern the construction of this act.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4075.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4076 — 英文原文
“Annual Budget Report”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Annual budget report” means the report described in Section 5300.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4076.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4078 — 英文原文
“Annual Policy Statement”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Annual policy statement” means the statement described in Section 5310.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4078.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4080 — 英文原文
“Association”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Association” means a nonprofit corporation or unincorporated association created for the purpose of managing a common interest development.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4080.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4085 — 英文原文
“Board”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Board” means the board of directors of the association.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4085.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4090 — 英文原文
“Board Meeting”
Amended by Stats. 2023, Ch. 203, Sec. 2. (AB 648) Effective January 1, 2024.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Board meeting” means either of the following:
(a)A congregation, at the same time and place, of a sufficient number of directors to establish a quorum of the board, to hear, discuss, or deliberate upon any item of business that is within the authority of the board.
(b)A teleconference, where a sufficient number of directors to establish a quorum of the board, in different locations, are connected by electronic means, through audio or video, or both. A teleconference meeting shall be conducted in a manner that protects the rights of members of the association and otherwise complies with the requirements of this act. Except for a meeting that will be held solely in executive session or conducted under Section 4926 or 5450, the notice of the teleconference meeting shall identify at least one physical location so that members of the association may attend, and at least one director or a person designated by the board shall be present at that location. Participation by directors in a teleconference meeting constitutes presence at that meeting as long as all directors participating are able to hear one another, as well as members of the association speaking on matters before the board.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4090.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4095 — 英文原文
“Common Area”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)“Common area” means the entire common interest development except the separate interests therein. The estate in the common area may be a fee, a life estate, an estate for years, or any combination of the foregoing.
(b)Notwithstanding subdivision (a), in a planned development described in subdivision (b) of Section 4175, the common area may consist of mutual or reciprocal easement rights appurtenant to the separate interests.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4095.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4100 — 英文原文
“Common Interest Development” — the Four Kinds
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Common interest development” means any of the following:
(a)A community apartment project.
(b)A condominium project.
(c)A planned development.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4100.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4105 — 英文原文
“Community Apartment Project”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Community apartment project” means a development in which an undivided interest in land is coupled with the right of exclusive occupancy of any apartment located thereon.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4105.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4110 — 英文原文
“Community Service Organization or Similar Entity”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)“Community service organization or similar entity” means a nonprofit entity, other than an association, that is organized to provide services to residents of the common interest development or to the public in addition to the residents, to the extent community common area or facilities are available to the public.
(b)“Community service organization or similar entity” does not include an entity that has been organized solely to raise moneys and contribute to other nonprofit organizations that are qualified as tax exempt under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code and that provide housing or housing assistance.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4110.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4120 — 英文原文
“Condominium Plan”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Condominium plan” means a plan described in Section 4285.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4120.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4125 — 英文原文
“Condominium Project”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)A “condominium project” means a real property development consisting of condominiums.
(b)A condominium consists of an undivided interest in common in a portion of real property coupled with a separate interest in space called a unit, the boundaries of which are described on a recorded final map, parcel map, or condominium plan in sufficient detail to locate all boundaries thereof. The area within these boundaries may be filled with air, earth, water, or fixtures, or any combination thereof, and need not be physically attached to land except by easements for access and, if necessary, support. The description of the unit may refer to (1) boundaries described in the recorded final map, parcel map, or condominium plan, (2) physical boundaries, either in existence, or to be constructed, such as walls, floors, and ceilings of a structure or any portion thereof, (3) an entire structure containing one or more units, or (4) any combination thereof.
(c)The portion or portions of the real property held in undivided interest may be all of the real property, except for the separate interests, or may include a particular three-dimensional portion thereof, the boundaries of which are described on a recorded final map, parcel map, or condominium plan. The area within these boundaries may be filled with air, earth, water, or fixtures, or any combination thereof, and need not be physically attached to land except by easements for access and, if necessary, support.
(d)An individual condominium within a condominium project may include, in addition, a separate interest in other portions of the real property.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4125.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4130 — 英文原文
“Declarant”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Declarant” means the person or group of persons designated in the declaration as declarant, or if no declarant is designated, the person or group of persons who sign the original declaration or who succeed to special rights, preferences, or privileges designated in the declaration as belonging to the signator of the original declaration.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4130.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4135 — 英文原文
“Declaration”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Declaration” means the document, however denominated, that contains the information required by Sections 4250 and 4255.
來源不一致。 The Legislative Counsel's database and California Public Law differ, and the text here follows the official database. The official text reads “Sections 4250 and 4255” where Public Law prints the singular “Section” before the same list of numbers — their citation linker rewriting the plural, not a difference in the statute. Both versions run to the same word count and nothing else differs.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4135.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4140 — 英文原文
“Director”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Director” means a natural person who serves on the board.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4140.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4145 — 英文原文
“Exclusive Use Common Area”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)“Exclusive use common area” means a portion of the common area designated by the declaration for the exclusive use of one or more, but fewer than all, of the owners of the separate interests and which is or will be appurtenant to the separate interest or interests.
(b)Unless the declaration otherwise provides, any shutters, awnings, window boxes, doorsteps, stoops, porches, balconies, patios, exterior doors, doorframes, and hardware incident thereto, screens and windows or other fixtures designed to serve a single separate interest, but located outside the boundaries of the separate interest, are exclusive use common area allocated exclusively to that separate interest.
(c)Notwithstanding the provisions of the declaration, internal and external telephone wiring designed to serve a single separate interest, but located outside the boundaries of the separate interest, is exclusive use common area allocated exclusively to that separate interest.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4145.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4148 — 英文原文
“General Notice”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“General notice” means the delivery of a document pursuant to Section 4045.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4148.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4150 — 英文原文
“Governing Documents”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Governing documents” means the declaration and any other documents, such as bylaws, operating rules, articles of incorporation, or articles of association, which govern the operation of the common interest development or association.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4150.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4153 — 英文原文
“Individual Notice”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Individual notice” means the delivery of a document pursuant to Section 4040.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4153.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4155 — 英文原文
“Item of Business”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Item of business” means any action within the authority of the board, except those actions that the board has validly delegated to any other person or persons, managing agent, officer of the association, or committee of the board comprising less than a quorum of the board.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4155.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4158 — 英文原文
“Managing Agent”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)A “managing agent” is a person who, for compensation or in expectation of compensation, exercises control over the assets of a common interest development.
(b)A “managing agent” does not include any of the following:
(b)(1)A regulated financial institution operating within the normal course of its regulated business practice.
(b)(2)An attorney at law acting within the scope of the attorney’s license.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4158.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4160 — 英文原文
“Member”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Member” means an owner of a separate interest.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4160.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4170 — 英文原文
“Person”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Person” means a natural person, corporation, government or governmental subdivision or agency, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, or other entity.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4170.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4175 — 英文原文
“Planned Development”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Planned development” means a real property development other than a community apartment project, a condominium project, or a stock cooperative, having either or both of the following features:
(a)Common area that is owned either by an association or in common by the owners of the separate interests who possess appurtenant rights to the beneficial use and enjoyment of the common area.
(b)Common area and an association that maintains the common area with the power to levy assessments that may become a lien upon the separate interests in accordance with Article 2 (commencing with Section 5650) of Chapter 8.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4175.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4177 — 英文原文
“Reserve Accounts”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Reserve accounts” means both of the following:
(a)Moneys that the board has identified for use to defray the future repair or replacement of, or additions to, those major components that the association is obligated to maintain.
(b)The funds received, and not yet expended or disposed of, from either a compensatory damage award or settlement to an association from any person for injuries to property, real or personal, arising from any construction or design defects. These funds shall be separately itemized from funds described in subdivision (a).
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4177.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4178 — 英文原文
“Reserve Account Requirements”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
“Reserve account requirements” means the estimated funds that the board has determined are required to be available at a specified point in time to repair, replace, or restore those major components that the association is obligated to maintain.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4178.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4185 — 英文原文
“Separate Interest”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)“Separate interest” has the following meanings:
(a)(1)In a community apartment project, “separate interest” means the exclusive right to occupy an apartment, as specified in Section 4105.
(a)(2)In a condominium project, “separate interest” means a separately owned unit, as specified in Section 4125.
(a)(3)In a planned development, “separate interest” means a separately owned lot, parcel, area, or space.
(a)(4)In a stock cooperative, “separate interest” means the exclusive right to occupy a portion of the real property, as specified in Section 4190.
(b)Unless the declaration or condominium plan, if any exists, otherwise provides, if walls, floors, or ceilings are designated as boundaries of a separate interest, the interior surfaces of the perimeter walls, floors, ceilings, windows, doors, and outlets located within the separate interest are part of the separate interest and any other portions of the walls, floors, or ceilings are part of the common area.
(c)The estate in a separate interest may be a fee, a life estate, an estate for years, or any combination of the foregoing.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4185.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。
民法典 § 4190 — 英文原文
“Stock Cooperative”
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
條文以英文呈現，因為法律以英文頒佈，具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文；如與條文有出入，以條文為準。
(a)“Stock cooperative” means a development in which a corporation is formed or availed of, primarily for the purpose of holding title to, either in fee simple or for a term of years, improved real property, and all or substantially all of the shareholders of the corporation receive a right of exclusive occupancy in a portion of the real property, title to which is held by the corporation. The owners’ interest in the corporation, whether evidenced by a share of stock, a certificate of membership, or otherwise, shall be deemed to be an interest in a common interest development and a real estate development for purposes of subdivision (f) of Section 25100 of the Corporations Code.
(b)A “stock cooperative” includes a limited equity housing cooperative which is a stock cooperative that meets the criteria of Section 817.
逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室（Legislative Counsel）公佈的條文，並與第二個來源逐字核對（leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law)）。加州法律屬於政府法令，不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈，以該版本為準。
機器可讀：/data/4190.json——同一條文，附分項錨點、日期和來源。