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加州 · 戴維斯-斯特林法

在由協會掌管會所的社區裡競選。

董事會候選人必須能接觸到會員,而會議廳、公告欄、往往還有網站都歸業主協會(HOA)所有。有兩條法條決定協會可以管到什麼程度:一條保護通往您自家門口的路,另一條保護競選活動。

條文 民法典 §§ 4510, 4515 相關法案 AB 1410 (2023) 收錄條文 2 條文核實 2026-11-03

進入自家門口的權利

《加州民法典》第4510條只有一句話,除三種例外情形外,它是絕對的。除法律、法院命令或具有最終約束力的仲裁裁決另有規定外,協會不得阻止會員或居住者實際進入其獨立產權單位——既不得通過限制經由公共區域前往該單位的通道來阻止,也不得通過僅限制進入該單位本身來阻止。

請注意,它保護的是居住者,而不僅是會員,因此也適用於租戶。還請注意其中的兩個方面:停用大門遙控器和更換單元門鎖,同樣都是被禁止的行為。拖欠會費並不屬於三種例外情形——催收須通過留置權和法院進行,而不是通過小區大門。

管理文件不得禁止的事項

民法典第4515條(a)開頭是州議會自己的立法意圖聲明:確保會員和居民能夠就共同利益開發項目中的生活,或出於社交、政治或教育目的,行使彼此之間以及與他人和平集會和自由交流的權利。

第4515條(b)隨後列出管理文件——包括章程和運營規則——不得禁止的六項活動:

  1. (b)(1)在合理時間、以合理方式,與會員、居民及其受邀者或訪客集會或開會,目的是討論與社區生活、協會選舉、立法、公職選舉,或創制、複決或罷免程序有關的事項。
  2. (b)(2)邀請政府官員、候選人或業主組織的代表與會員會面,並就公共利益事項發表講話。
  3. (b)(3)在設施未作其他用途時,使用公共區域——條文點名了社區活動廳、康樂廳或會所——或經該會員同意,使用其獨立產權單位舉行此類會議。
  4. (b)(4)在合理時間、以合理方式,為上述活動向會員、董事會和居民拉票和徵集請願簽名。
  5. (b)(5)在合理時間、以合理方式,無須事先許可即可分發或傳閱與上述活動有關的資料。
  6. (b)(6)使用社交媒體或其他線上資源,討論社區生活、協會選舉、立法、公職、創制、複決或罷免程序,或其他任何關切的問題——即使內容是對協會或其治理的批評。

在實際爭議中最有分量的是第(5)項中的無須事先許可。規定候選人分發傳單前須經董事會批准的規則,並不是對時間和方式的合理限制;它正是該項所指的被禁止的做法。

(B)目和(C)目對第(6)項作了兩項限制:協會無須提供社交媒體或線上資源,也無須允許會員在協會自己的網站上發帖。這項保護針對的是會員因在其他地方發言而受到懲罰,而不是賦予會員使用協會渠道的權利。

而且必須免費

民法典第4515條(c):會員或居民為第(1)、(2)和(3)項所述的集會和會議使用公共區域時,不得被要求支付費用、繳納押金、購買責任保險,或支付協會保單的保費或免賠額。適用於生日聚會的會所押金,不適用於候選人見面會。

執行,以及禁止報復

民法典第4515條(d):受到協會或其代理人阻止、無法從事上述任何活動的會員或居民,可以提起民事訴訟或小額訴訟,請求禁止執行違規的管理文件——包括章程和運營規則——法院可以處以每項違規最高500美元的民事罰款。小額訴訟在這裡很重要:它使沒有律師的會員也能獲得救濟。

第4515條(e)是最後一款,也是最短的一款:協會不得因會員或居民行使上述任何權利而對其進行報復。競選活動之後出現的罰款、暫停會員權利或突然的規則變更,都要用這句話來衡量。

本節是選舉條文的直接後盾。依照第5103條被取消資格的被提名人,須通過內部程序申訴;被阻止分發傳單的被提名人,則可以在本節獲得另一種更直接的救濟。

民法典 § 4510 — 英文原文

Access to a Member's Own Separate Interest
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。

Except as otherwise provided in law, an order of the court, or an order pursuant to a final and binding arbitration decision, an association may not deny a member or occupant physical access to the member’s or occupant’s separate interest, either by restricting access through the common area to the separate interest, or by restricting access solely to the separate interest.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4510.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。

民法典 § 4515 — 英文原文

Assembly, Canvassing and Speech About the Association
Amended by Stats. 2022, Ch. 858, Sec. 2. (AB 1410) Effective January 1, 2023.

條文以英文呈現,因為法律以英文頒佈,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本頁的說明為中文;如與條文有出入,以條文為準。

(a)It is the intent of the Legislature to ensure that members and residents of common interest developments have the ability to exercise their rights under law to peacefully assemble and freely communicate with one another and with others with respect to common interest development living or for social, political, or educational purposes.
(b)The governing documents, including bylaws and operating rules, shall not prohibit a member or resident of a common interest development from doing any of the following:
(b)(1)Peacefully assembling or meeting with members, residents, and their invitees or guests during reasonable hours and in a reasonable manner for purposes relating to common interest development living, association elections, legislation, election to public office, or the initiative, referendum, or recall processes.
(b)(2)Inviting public officials, candidates for public office, or representatives of homeowner organizations to meet with members, residents, and their invitees or guests and speak on matters of public interest.
(b)(3)Using the common area, including the community or recreation hall or clubhouse, or, with the consent of the member, the area of a separate interest, for an assembly or meeting described in paragraph (1) or (2) when that facility or separate interest is not otherwise in use.
(b)(4)Canvassing and petitioning the members, the association board, and residents for the activities described in paragraphs (1) and (2) at reasonable hours and in a reasonable manner.
(b)(5)Distributing or circulating, without prior permission, information about common interest development living, association elections, legislation, election to public office, or the initiative, referendum, or recall processes, or other issues of concern to members and residents at reasonable hours and in a reasonable manner.
(b)(6)(A)Using social media or other online resources to discuss any of the following, even if the content is critical of the association or its governance:
(b)(6)(A)(i)Development living.
(b)(6)(A)(ii)Association elections.
(b)(6)(A)(iii)Legislation.
(b)(6)(A)(iv)Election to public office.
(b)(6)(A)(v)The initiative, referendum, or recall processes.
(b)(6)(A)(vi)Any other issues of concern to members and residents.
(b)(6)(B)This paragraph does not require an association to provide social media or other online resources to members.
(b)(6)(C)This paragraph does not require an association to allow members to post content on the association’s internet website.
(c)A member or resident of a common interest development shall not be required to pay a fee, make a deposit, obtain liability insurance, or pay the premium or deductible on the association’s insurance policy, in order to use a common area for the activities described in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of subdivision (b).
(d)A member or resident of a common interest development who is prevented by the association or its agents from engaging in any of the activities described in this section may bring a civil or small claims court action to enjoin the enforcement of a governing document, including a bylaw and operating rule, that violates this section. The court may assess a civil penalty of not more than five hundred dollars ($500) for each violation.
(e)An association shall not retaliate against a member or a resident for exercising any of the rights contained in this section.

逐字轉載自加州立法顧問辦公室(Legislative Counsel)公佈的條文,並與第二個來源逐字核對(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律屬於政府法令,不受版權保護。本頁為非官方轉載——官方版本由立法顧問辦公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公佈,以該版本為準。
機器可讀:/data/4515.json——同一條文,附分項錨點、日期和來源。