加州 · 戴维斯-斯特林法
在由协会掌管会所的社区里竞选。
董事会候选人必须能接触到会员,而会议厅、公告栏、往往还有网站都归业主协会(HOA)所有。有两条法条决定协会可以管到什么程度:一条保护通往您自家门口的路,另一条保护竞选活动。
条文 民法典 §§ 4510, 4515
相关法案 AB 1410 (2023)
收录条文 2
条文核实 2026-11-03
进入自家门口的权利
《加州民法典》第4510条只有一句话,除三种例外情形外,它是绝对的。除法律、法院命令或具有最终约束力的仲裁裁决另有规定外,协会不得阻止会员或居住者实际进入其独立产权单位——既不得通过限制经由公共区域前往该单位的通道来阻止,也不得通过仅限制进入该单位本身来阻止。
请注意,它保护的是居住者,而不仅是会员,因此也适用于租户。还请注意其中的两个方面:停用大门遥控器和更换单元门锁,同样都是被禁止的行为。拖欠会费并不属于三种例外情形——催收须通过留置权和法院进行,而不是通过小区大门。
管理文件不得禁止的事项
民法典第4515条(a)开头是州议会自己的立法意图声明:确保会员和居民能够就共同利益开发项目中的生活,或出于社交、政治或教育目的,行使彼此之间以及与他人和平集会和自由交流的权利。
第4515条(b)随后列出管理文件——包括章程和运营规则——不得禁止的六项活动:
- (b)(1)在合理时间、以合理方式,与会员、居民及其受邀者或访客集会或开会,目的是讨论与社区生活、协会选举、立法、公职选举,或创制、复决或罢免程序有关的事项。
- (b)(2)邀请政府官员、候选人或业主组织的代表与会员会面,并就公共利益事项发表讲话。
- (b)(3)在设施未作其他用途时,使用公共区域——条文点名了社区活动厅、康乐厅或会所——或经该会员同意,使用其独立产权单位举行此类会议。
- (b)(4)在合理时间、以合理方式,为上述活动向会员、董事会和居民拉票和征集请愿签名。
- (b)(5)在合理时间、以合理方式,无须事先许可即可分发或传阅与上述活动有关的资料。
- (b)(6)使用社交媒体或其他线上资源,讨论社区生活、协会选举、立法、公职、创制、复决或罢免程序,或其他任何关切的问题——即使内容是对协会或其治理的批评。
在实际争议中最有分量的是第(5)项中的无须事先许可。规定候选人分发传单前须经董事会批准的规则,并不是对时间和方式的合理限制;它正是该项所指的被禁止的做法。
(B)目和(C)目对第(6)项作了两项限制:协会无须提供社交媒体或线上资源,也无须允许会员在协会自己的网站上发帖。这项保护针对的是会员因在其他地方发言而受到惩罚,而不是赋予会员使用协会渠道的权利。
而且必须免费
民法典第4515条(c):会员或居民为第(1)、(2)和(3)项所述的集会和会议使用公共区域时,不得被要求支付费用、缴纳押金、购买责任保险,或支付协会保单的保费或免赔额。适用于生日聚会的会所押金,不适用于候选人见面会。
执行,以及禁止报复
民法典第4515条(d):受到协会或其代理人阻止、无法从事上述任何活动的会员或居民,可以提起民事诉讼或小额诉讼,请求禁止执行违规的管理文件——包括章程和运营规则——法院可以处以每项违规最高500美元的民事罚款。小额诉讼在这里很重要:它使没有律师的会员也能获得救济。
第4515条(e)是最后一款,也是最短的一款:协会不得因会员或居民行使上述任何权利而对其进行报复。竞选活动之后出现的罚款、暂停会员权利或突然的规则变更,都要用这句话来衡量。
本节是选举条文的直接后盾。依照第5103条被取消资格的被提名人,须通过内部程序申诉;被阻止分发传单的被提名人,则可以在本节获得另一种更直接的救济。
民法典 § 4510 — 英文原文
Access to a Member's Own Separate Interest
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
Except as otherwise provided in law, an order of the court, or an order pursuant to a final and binding arbitration decision, an association may not deny a member or occupant physical access to the member’s or occupant’s separate interest, either by restricting access through the common area to the separate interest, or by restricting access solely to the separate interest.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4510.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 4515 — 英文原文
Assembly, Canvassing and Speech About the Association
Amended by Stats. 2022, Ch. 858, Sec. 2. (AB 1410) Effective January 1, 2023.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
(a)It is the intent of the Legislature to ensure that members and residents of common interest developments have the ability to exercise their rights under law to peacefully assemble and freely communicate with one another and with others with respect to common interest development living or for social, political, or educational purposes.
(b)The governing documents, including bylaws and operating rules, shall not prohibit a member or resident of a common interest development from doing any of the following:
(b)(1)Peacefully assembling or meeting with members, residents, and their invitees or guests during reasonable hours and in a reasonable manner for purposes relating to common interest development living, association elections, legislation, election to public office, or the initiative, referendum, or recall processes.
(b)(2)Inviting public officials, candidates for public office, or representatives of homeowner organizations to meet with members, residents, and their invitees or guests and speak on matters of public interest.
(b)(3)Using the common area, including the community or recreation hall or clubhouse, or, with the consent of the member, the area of a separate interest, for an assembly or meeting described in paragraph (1) or (2) when that facility or separate interest is not otherwise in use.
(b)(4)Canvassing and petitioning the members, the association board, and residents for the activities described in paragraphs (1) and (2) at reasonable hours and in a reasonable manner.
(b)(5)Distributing or circulating, without prior permission, information about common interest development living, association elections, legislation, election to public office, or the initiative, referendum, or recall processes, or other issues of concern to members and residents at reasonable hours and in a reasonable manner.
(b)(6)(A)Using social media or other online resources to discuss any of the following, even if the content is critical of the association or its governance:
(b)(6)(A)(v)The initiative, referendum, or recall processes.
(b)(6)(A)(vi)Any other issues of concern to members and residents.
(b)(6)(B)This paragraph does not require an association to provide social media or other online resources to members.
(b)(6)(C)This paragraph does not require an association to allow members to post content on the association’s internet website.
(c)A member or resident of a common interest development shall not be required to pay a fee, make a deposit, obtain liability insurance, or pay the premium or deductible on the association’s insurance policy, in order to use a common area for the activities described in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of subdivision (b).
(d)A member or resident of a common interest development who is prevented by the association or its agents from engaging in any of the activities described in this section may bring a civil or small claims court action to enjoin the enforcement of a governing document, including a bylaw and operating rule, that violates this section. The court may assess a civil penalty of not more than five hundred dollars ($500) for each violation.
(e)An association shall not retaliate against a member or a resident for exercising any of the rights contained in this section.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4515.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。