加州 · 戴维斯-斯特林法 · 第4章第4节和第5节
不能拆开的几样东西。
独立产权单位、公共区域中的份额和业主协会(HOA)的会员资格,在纸面上是三样东西,在法律上是一样东西。本节让它们始终连在一起——在出售时,在止赎时,也在面对宁愿把它们分开处理的债权人时。
条文 民法典 §§ 4610–4650
章 第4章,产权的所有与转让 · 第4节和第5节
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条文核实 2026-11-03
不得分割
§ 4610(a):除本条另有规定外,共管公寓项目中的公共区域应保持不分割,且不得对其进行司法分割。如果没有这条规则,任何一位业主都可以请求法院把庭院切分开来,也就没有哪个共管公寓能获得融资。
(b)款中的例外针对的是整个项目,而不是单个份额:业主可以依照本条规定的条件,就整个项目提起分割诉讼。第一款还特别补充说明,其中任何内容都不禁止对共管公寓内的共有关系进行分割——两人共同拥有一个单元的情形,不受此限。
§ 4650是与之配套的条文。声明书中关于各组成权益不可分离的限制,依《加州民法典》第711条(禁止对转让施加不合理限制的规则),不应被视为与所设定权益相抵触的条件。这些限制因此不会因这一异议而失效,但有限度:其期限不得超出依照第4610条暂停分割权的期间。
随单元一同转移的权益
有四条法条把同一件事说了四遍,每种开发项目各一遍,因为随之转移的东西在每种情形下都不同。在任何情形下,独立产权单位的任何让与、司法拍卖或其他自愿或非自愿转让,都会一并转移该权益;业主全部产权的转让,也会一并转移在协会中的会员权益。
- § 4625社区公寓项目(community apartment project)——项目中的不分割权益。
- § 4630共管公寓项目——公共区域中的不分割权益。本条重申,除依照第4610条外,公共区域不得分割。
- § 4635规划开发社区——公共区域中的不分割权益,如果存在的话。有些规划开发社区没有这种权益。
- § 4640股份合作公寓(stock cooperative)——在该法人中的所有权权益,无论以何种方式证明。
“非自愿转让”这个词在默默起作用。止赎或司法拍卖会转移公共区域中的份额和会员资格,无论判决是否提到它们。在拍卖中买下单元的人,不会得到一个没有投票权的单元。
§ 4645允许一项例外,并列明了条件:专用区域可以独立于任何其他权益而转让——但前提是声明书明确规定可以这样做,并且转让依照声明书的条款进行。单独出售的停车位,需要已登记备案的文件中有这项授权;参见什么属于专用公共区域。
一位业主的施工方,另一位业主的产权
§ 4615(a)是承包商的律师往往很晚才发现的规定。经某位业主——或该业主的代理人或承包商——同意或应其要求而提供的劳务、服务或材料,不得作为对开发项目中任何其他业主的财产主张留置权的依据,除非该其他业主明确同意。
楼上的装修不能让楼下的单元背上产权负担。本条接下来规定的,是解除违反本条而登记备案的留置权的程序,以及工程确实经授权用于公共区域时的相应处理。
如果被主张留置权的是公共区域
§ 4620:如果协会被送达针对公共区域改良工程的留置权主张,协会必须在60天内依照§ 4040向会员发出个别通知。每位会员的产权都可能受该留置权影响,所以每位会员都要得到通知——而且期限从送达之日起算,而不是从董事会下一次会议起算。
民法典 § 4610 — 英文原文
The Common Area Is Not Subject to Partition
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
(a)Except as provided in this section, the common area in a condominium project shall remain undivided, and there shall be no judicial partition thereof. Nothing in this section shall be deemed to prohibit partition of a cotenancy in a condominium.
(b)The owner of a separate interest in a condominium project may maintain a partition action as to the entire project as if the owners of all of the separate interests in the project were tenants in common in the entire project in the same proportion as their interests in the common area. The court shall order partition under this subdivision only by sale of the entire condominium project and only upon a showing of one of the following:
(b)(1)More than three years before the filing of the action, the condominium project was damaged or destroyed, so that a material part was rendered unfit for its prior use, and the condominium project has not been rebuilt or repaired substantially to its state prior to the damage or destruction.
(b)(2)Three-fourths or more of the project is destroyed or substantially damaged and owners of separate interests holding in the aggregate more than a 50-percent interest in the common area oppose repair or restoration of the project.
(b)(3)The project has been in existence more than 50 years, is obsolete and uneconomic, and owners of separate interests holding in the aggregate more than a 50-percent interest in the common area oppose repair or restoration of the project.
(b)(4)Any conditions in the declaration for sale under the circumstances described in this subdivision have been met.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4610.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 4615 — 英文原文
A Lien for One Owner's Work May Not Reach Another's Property
Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 92, Sec. 38. (SB 1289) Effective January 1, 2019.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
(a)In a common interest development, no labor performed or services or materials furnished with the consent of, or at the request of, an owner in the common interest development or the owners’ agent or contractor shall be the basis for the filing of a lien against any other property of another owner in the common interest development unless that other owner has expressly consented to or requested the performance of the labor or furnishing of the materials or services. However, express consent is deemed to have been given by the owner of any separate interest in the case of emergency repairs thereto.
(b)Labor performed or services or materials furnished for the common area, if duly authorized by the association, are deemed to be performed or furnished with the express consent of each separate interest owner.
(c)The owner of any separate interest may remove that owner’s separate interest from a lien against two or more separate interests or any part thereof by doing either of the following:
(c)(1)Pay to the holder of the lien the fraction of the total sum secured by the lien that is attributable to the owner’s separate interest.
(c)(2)Record a lien release bond, pursuant to Section 8424, in an amount equal to 125 percent of the sum secured by the lien that is attributable to the owner’s separate interest.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4615.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 4620 — 英文原文
Sixty Days to Tell the Members About a Lien on the Common Area
Added by Stats. 2017, Ch. 44, Sec. 2. (AB 534) Effective January 1, 2018.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
If the association is served with a claim of lien pursuant to Part 6 (commencing with Section 8000) for a work of improvement on a common area, the association shall, within 60 days of service, give individual notice to the members, pursuant to Section 4040.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4620.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 4625 — 英文原文
Transfer in a Community Apartment Project
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
In a community apartment project, any conveyance, judicial sale, or other voluntary or involuntary transfer of the separate interest includes the undivided interest in the community apartment project. Any conveyance, judicial sale, or other voluntary or involuntary transfer of the owner’s entire estate also includes the owner’s membership interest in the association.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4625.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 4630 — 英文原文
Transfer in a Condominium Project
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
In a condominium project the common area is not subject to partition, except as provided in Section 4610. Any conveyance, judicial sale, or other voluntary or involuntary transfer of the separate interest includes the undivided interest in the common area. Any conveyance, judicial sale, or other voluntary or involuntary transfer of the owner’s entire estate also includes the owner’s membership interest in the association.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4630.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 4635 — 英文原文
Transfer in a Planned Development
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
In a planned development, any conveyance, judicial sale, or other voluntary or involuntary transfer of the separate interest includes the undivided interest in the common area, if any exists. Any conveyance, judicial sale, or other voluntary or involuntary transfer of the owner’s entire estate also includes the owner’s membership interest in the association.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4635.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 4640 — 英文原文
Transfer in a Stock Cooperative
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
In a stock cooperative, any conveyance, judicial sale, or other voluntary or involuntary transfer of the separate interest includes the ownership interest in the corporation, however evidenced. Any conveyance, judicial sale, or other voluntary or involuntary transfer of the owner’s entire estate also includes the owner’s membership interest in the association.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4640.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 4645 — 英文原文
Separate Transfer of Exclusive Use Areas
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
Nothing in this article prohibits the transfer of exclusive use areas, independent of any other interest in a common interest subdivision, if authorization to separately transfer exclusive use areas is expressly stated in the declaration and the transfer occurs in accordance with the terms of the declaration.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4645.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 4650 — 英文原文
Restrictions on Severability Are Not Repugnant to the Interest
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
Any restrictions upon the severability of the component interests in real property which are contained in the declaration shall not be deemed conditions repugnant to the interest created within the meaning of Section 711. However, these restrictions shall not extend beyond the period in which the right to partition a project is suspended under Section 4610.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4650.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。