加州 · 戴维斯-斯特林法
谁代表协会行事,以及对他们的限制。
董事不得就对自己的纪律处分投票。管理代理人(managing agent)不得留下业主协会(HOA)资金产生的利息。而两者都不得在协会的选举中计票。这是同一条规则,写了三遍。
董事必须回避的六项表决
《加州民法典》第5350条(a)规定,不论其他任何法律如何规定,《加州公司法典》第7233条和第7234条均适用于每一个协会,无论该协会是否已注册为法人。接着,(b)款列出了董事或委员会成员不得投票的六项决定,每一项都与其本人有关:
- 对其本人的纪律处分。
- 因其损坏公共区域而对其征收的会费。
- 其本人就逾期会费提出的还款计划请求。
- 是否对其本人独立产权单位上的留置权进行止赎。
- 审查对其本人独立产权单位拟作的实体变更。
- 向其授予专用公共区域。
这份清单是封闭的,但(c)款规定,它并不限制其他任何法律或管理文件中关于涉及利益关系的决定的规定。所以它是下限,而不是上限——而它背后的原则,正是决定谁可以担任选举监察员的那条原则。
为什么物业经理不能计票
第5110条(b)规定,与协会订有合约、为其提供其他有偿服务的任何人都不具担任监察员的资格。按定义,管理代理人就属于这种人——下面这些条文说明了原因。持有协会资金、必须披露自己是否从出售协会文件的公司收取介绍费、其收费标准又由董事会确定的代理人,是利害关系人。取消资格并非出于对个人的怀疑,而是由结构决定的。
准备受聘的代理人必须以书面形式说明什么
第5375条要求在订立管理协议之前不超过90天,向董事会提交一份书面声明:公司由谁拥有,持有哪些执照以及何时到期,拥有哪些认证、由谁颁发,以及该公司拥有所有权权益的任何企业。
(e)款值得读两遍:物业经理或其公司是否从依照民法典第4528条和第4530条分发协会文件的第三方收取介绍费或其他金钱利益。这些文件是卖方在过户时必须购买的。之所以要求披露,是因为挑选供应商的人和从供应商那里收钱的人可能是同一个人。
协会的资金,在别人手中
第5380条规范管理代理人代表协会收取的资金。该账户必须以代理人作为受托人的名义或以协会的名义开立,受联邦存款保险保障,并且与代理人自己的资金以及其他每一位客户的资金分开保管。所产生的任何利息都不得归代理人或其雇员所有,并且混合存放被明令禁止。
(b)款第(6)项规定了从储备金账户或运营账户转出款项的批准门槛——独立产权单位为50户或以下的协会,超过5,000美元或预计运营收入的5%(以较低者为准)的,须事先获得董事会书面批准;51户或以上的,为10,000美元或5%(以较低者为准)。协会规模有大有小;固定金额不再起作用的地方,由百分比来起作用。(e)款规定胜诉方可获得律师费和诉讼费用。
而一条只有十七个英文单词的法条,决定了上述一切适用于谁:第5385条把协会的全职雇员排除在管理代理人的定义之外。协会内部聘用的物业经理不受本节约束——但这并不使其有资格担任监察员,因为民法典第5110条(b)看的是有偿服务,而不是这个定义。
向州政府报告什么
第5405条要求每一个协会,无论是否已注册为法人,都向加州州务卿(Secretary of State)申报十一项内容:协会的名称和地址、管理代理人的姓名、地址和日间电话号码、所在县和城市、最近的交叉街道、开发项目的类型,以及独立产权单位的数量。(f)款只把会长的联络方式限于政府用途;其他一切内容都依照《加州公共记录法》(California Public Records Act)可供公众查阅。
Those statements are the only official list of California’s associations. The register, by county — 36,801 associations governing 2,469,060 homes as of 2026-10-03 — is built from them.
如果您需要查历史记录,(g)款和(h)款值得了解:新的申报会取代之前的申报,而州务卿可以销毁被取代的申报。加州每一个协会都有一份当前的快照,但背后没有档案。
第5400条指示加州消费者事务部(Department of Consumer Affairs)和房地产局(Bureau of Real Estate)为董事开发一门线上教育课程——前提是有现成资金可用。该机构后来已经更名:重新改称房地产部(Department of Real Estate)。法条中仍然使用旧名称。
物业经理直接承担的两项义务
第5375.5条:物业经理或物业管理公司向董事会提交投标时,必须以书面形式披露任何潜在的利益冲突——而且本条对这一用语作了定义,而不是留给个人判断。它涵盖可能从向协会提供产品或服务的公司获得的任何介绍费或其他金钱利益,以及各款接着列出的所有权权益或利润权益。这项披露应在投标时作出,而不是在签约之后。
第5376条在合约有此规定时,把转售文件的工作交给物业经理:物业经理、物业管理公司或其签约的第三方代理人,如果依合约负责第4530条要求的披露文件,必须协助送达这些文件——十天期限正是这样落到实际持有文件的人身上的。
民法典 § 5350 — 英文原文
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
来源不一致。 Text taken verbatim from the Legislative Counsel of California official code database and checked word for word against an independent publisher. The two sources disagree on one word: the official database reads “Sections 7233 and 7234 of the Corporations Code” where california.public.law reads “Section”. The plural is what the Legislative Counsel publishes and is what the citation list requires. The same substitution appears at §§ 4210, 5310, 5350 and 5375 — in every case immediately before a list of two or more section numbers, and nowhere else, which is where the second source's own citation-linking rewrites the word.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/5350.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5375 — 英文原文
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
来源不一致。 Text taken verbatim from the Legislative Counsel of California official code database and checked word for word against an independent publisher. The two sources disagree on one word: the official database reads “Sections 4528 and 4530” where california.public.law reads “Section”. The plural is what the Legislative Counsel publishes and is what the citation list requires. The same substitution appears at §§ 4210, 5310, 5350 and 5375 — in every case immediately before a list of two or more section numbers, and nowhere else, which is where the second source's own citation-linking rewrites the word.
本条的历史版本
通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版,其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号,因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题:民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举,适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文,而不是今天的条文。
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AB 6902018-01-01起生效
Amended by Stats. 2017, Ch. 127, Sec. 5. (AB 690) Effective January 1, 2018.
7处分项修改
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- (a)
, including, but not limited to,The names and business addresses of the owners or general partners of the managing agent. If the managing agent is aprofessional common interest development manager. If any certification or designation is held,corporation, the written statement shall include thefollowing information:names and business addresses of the directors and officers and shareholders holding greater than 10 percent of the shares of the corporation. - (c)… any of the persons specified in subdivision (a), including, but not limited to, a professional common interest development manager. If any certification or designation is held, the statement shall include the following information:
- (c)(1)What the certification or designation is and what entity issued it.
- (c)(2)The dates the certification or designation is valid.
- (c)(3)The names in which the certification or designation is held.
- (d)Disclose any business or company in which the common interest development manager or common interest development management firm has any ownership interests, profit-sharing arrangements, or other monetary incentives provided to the management firm or managing agent.
- (e)Whether or not the common interest development manager or common interest development management firm receives a referral fee or other monetary benefit from a third-party provider distributing documents pursuant to Sections 4528 and 4530.
- (a)
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/5375.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5375.5 — 英文原文
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/5375.5.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5376 — 英文原文
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/5376.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5380 — 英文原文
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
本条的历史版本
通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版,其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号,因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题:民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举,适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文,而不是今天的条文。
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AB 11012022-01-01起生效
Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 270, Sec. 1. (AB 1101) Effective January 1, 2022.
14处分项修改
查看修改内容
- (a)… which is insured by the federal government, or is a guaranty corporation subject to Section 14858 of the Financial Code, and shall be maintained there until disbursed …
- (b)… the association shall be deposited into an
interest-bearingaccount in a bank, savings association, or credit union in thisstate,state that is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, National Credit Union Administration Insurance Fund, or a guaranty corporation subject to Section 14858 of the Financial Code, provided all of the following requirements are met: - (b)(2)… provided by an agency of the federal
government.government or a guaranty corporation subject to Section 14858 of the Financial Code. Those funds may only be deposited in accounts that protect the principal. In no event may those funds be invested in stocks or high-risk investment options. - (b)(3)… whom the managing agent holds funds in
trust except that the funds of various associations may be commingled as permitted pursuant to subdivision (d).trust. - (b)(6)Transfers of
greater than ten thousand dollars ($10,000)funds out of the association’s reserve or5 percent of an association’s total combined reserve andoperatingaccount deposits, whichever is lower,accounts shall not be authorizedfrom the accountwithout prior written approval from the board of theassociation.association unless the amount of the transfer is less than the following: - (b)(6)(A)The lesser of five thousand dollars ($5,000) or 5 percent of the estimated income in the annual operating budget, for associations with 50 or less separate interests.
- (b)(6)(B)The lesser of ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or 5 percent of estimated income in the annual operating budget, for associations with 51 or more separate interests.
- (d)… others that the managing agent receives or
accepts, unless all of the following requirements are met:accepts. - (d)(1)
The managing agent commingled the funds of various associations on or before February 26, 1990, and has obtained a written agreement with the board of each association that the managing agent will maintain a fidelity and surety bond in an amount that provides adequate protection to the associations as agreed upon by the managing agent and the board of each association. - (d)(2)
The managing agent discloses in the written agreement whether the managing agent is deriving benefits from the commingled account or the bank, credit union, or savings institution where the moneys will be on deposit. - (d)(3)
The written agreement provided pursuant to this subdivision includes, but is not limited to, the name and address of the bonding companies, the amount of the bonds, and the expiration dates of the bonds. - (d)(4)
If there are any changes in the bond coverage or the companies providing the coverage, the managing agent discloses that fact to the board of each affected association as soon as practical, but in no event more than 10 days after the change. - (d)(5)
The bonds assure the protection of the association and provide the association at least 10 days’ notice prior to cancellation. - (d)(6)
Completed payments on the behalf of the association are deposited within 24 hours or the next business day and do not remain commingled for more than 10 calendar days.
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AB 29122019-01-01起生效
Amended by Stats. 2018, Ch. 396, Sec. 2. (AB 2912) Effective January 1, 2019.
1处分项修改
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- (b)(6)Transfers of greater than ten thousand dollars ($10,000) or 5 percent of an association’s total combined reserve and operating account deposits, whichever is lower, shall not be authorized from the account without prior written approval from the board of the association.
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/5380.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5385 — 英文原文
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/5385.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5400 — 英文原文
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/5400.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。
民法典 § 5405 — 英文原文
条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。
本条的历史版本
通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版,其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号,因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题:民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举,适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文,而不是今天的条文。
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SB 1702026-06-29起生效
Amended by Stats. 2026, Ch. 28, Sec. 14. (SB 170) Effective June 29, 2026. Operative July 1, 2026, by its own provisions.
3处分项修改
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- (f)The Secretary of State shall make the information submitted pursuant to paragraph (5) of subdivision
(a) available only for governmental purposes and only to Members of the Legislature and the Business, Consumer Services, and Housing Agency, upon written request. All other information submitted pursuant to this section shall be subject to public inspection pursuant to the California Public Records Act (Division 10 (commencing with Section 7920.000) of Title 1 of the Government Code). The information submitted pursuant to this section shall be made available for governmental or public inspection. - (a)
To assist withavailable only for governmental purposes and only to Members of theidentification of common interest developments, each association, whether incorporated or unincorporated,Legislature and the Business and Consumer Services Agency, upon written request. All other information submitted pursuant to this section shallsubmitbe subject to public inspection pursuant to theSecretaryCalifornia Public Records Act (Division 10 (commencing with Section 7920.000) ofState, on a form andTitle 1 of the Government Code). The information submitted pursuant to this section shall be made available fora fee not to exceed thirty dollars ($30) that the Secretary of State shall prescribe, the following information concerning the association and the development that it manages:governmental or public inspection. - (i)The amendments made to this section by the act adding this subdivision shall become operative on July 1, 2026.
- (f)The Secretary of State shall make the information submitted pursuant to paragraph (5) of subdivision
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AB 4742022-01-01起生效
Amended by Stats. 2021, Ch. 615, Sec. 53. (AB 474) Effective January 1, 2022. Operative January 1, 2023, pursuant to Sec. 463 of Stats. 2021, Ch. 615.
1处分项修改
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- (f)… pursuant to the California Public Records Act
(Chapter 3.5(Division 10 (commencing with Section6250) of Division 77920.000) of Title 1 of the Government Code). …
- (f)… pursuant to the California Public Records Act
逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/5405.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。