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加州 · 戴维斯-斯特林法

声明书,以及修改它需要什么。

声明书(declaration)是共同利益开发项目(common interest development)中位阶最高的管理文件。修订声明书须经会员表决——这意味着它和其他任何表决一样,要依照选举规则、采用无记名投票,并由独立的选举监察员主持。

节 民法典 §§ 4250–4276 · §§ 4285–4295 章 第3章,管理文件 · 第2节和第4节 条文 10 条文核实 2026-11-03

《加州民法典》第5100条(a)把管理文件的修订列入必须依照选举一节以无记名投票方式进行的表决事项。所以,声明书的修订不是一项包装成表决的董事会决定:它需要选举运营规则、选票、一名既非董事也非候选人的选举监察员,以及一个可以核证的计票结果。

表决不等于修订

这是让业主协会(HOA)付出最大代价的错误。民法典第4270条(a)规定,修订只有在三件事都完成后才生效,而不是一件:

  1. 经声明书要求的会员百分比批准——以及声明书要求须经其批准的其他任何人批准,这往往是贷款机构或开发商。
  2. 由声明书指定的高级职员签署并确认(acknowledged)的书面文件予以核证;声明书未指定任何人的,由会长签署并确认。
  3. 在开发项目任何部分所在的每一个县登记备案。

在第三步完成之前,无论表决结果如何,声明书的内容仍与以前相同。清点了选票、公布了结果、然后把文件归档了事的协会,实际上什么也没有修订。而如果开发项目跨越县界,只在一个县登记备案是不够的。

如果声明书没有规定百分比,第4270条(b)提供了一个:依照第4065条,须经全体会员过半数批准——而不是参加投票者的过半数。

声明书没有规定自身修订程序时

较早的声明书有时根本没有修订条款。民法典第4260条对此作了直接回答:这样的声明书可以随时修订,除非其中明确规定不得修订。没有程序并不构成障碍;明确禁止才构成障碍。

会到期的声明书

载有终止日期但没有延期条款的声明书,可以在到期前通过依照民法典第4270条进行的表决予以延期——§ 4265(b)。每次延期以初始期限或20年中较短者为上限,并且允许多次延期。

过去错过这个日期就无法挽回。自2026年8月起,在一个县里情况不再如此:第4276条允许已经终止的声明书经会员表决恢复效力,核证和登记备案的步骤相同。它只适用于洛杉矶县,并且于2028年1月1日自动废止——这是一个只在一个地方、为期约十六个月的窗口。

无法达到通过门槛时

修订表决失败,往往是因为投票人数不足,而不是因为支持不足。第4275条允许协会在表决未达门槛后,向高等法院(superior court)提出申请,降低其声明书本身要求的百分比。它与第5115条中关于法定人数的规定相对应,而且它本身正在被修订——见下文的待生效修订。

声明书必须载明的内容

民法典第4250条为1986年1月1日或之后登记备案的任何声明书规定了最低要求:开发项目的法定地块描述、说明该开发项目属于哪一类、协会的名称,以及拟随土地转移的使用限制。其他内容都是可选的。第4255条在地理位置需要时增加两项告知——机场影响区,以及旧金山湾保护与发展委员会(San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission)的管辖范围——并明确规定,这两项告知都不构成产权瑕疵或产权负担。

另一份登记备案的文书:共管公寓平面图

声明书并不是县登记官保存的唯一文件。民法典第4285条规定,共管公寓平面图(condominium plan)必须包含三项内容:项目的描述或测量图,须提及或标示地面上的界桩;一份三维描述,其中一个或多个维度可以向上或向下无限延伸,其详细程度须足以确定公共区域和每个独立产权单位;以及一份依照第4290条的要求签署并确认的同意登记备案证明书。

民法典第4290条列出了必须签署该证明书的人:完全产权的登记所有人;在以定期地产权终止的项目中,其全部出租人和承租人;在终身地产权下,全部终身地产权人和剩余地产权益人;以及每一份已登记备案的信托契据的受托人或受益人,和每一份已登记备案的抵押的抵押权人。(b)款免除了矿产权、地役权、通行权及其他非占有性权益持有人的签署义务。(c)款在依照《加州政府法典》第66452.10条批准的社区公寓项目或股份合作公寓转换中,再次缩小了名单——只有批准该转换的人需要签署。

民法典第4295条:平面图可以通过登记备案的文书予以修订或撤销,该文书须由修订时依照第4290条须签名的全部人员签署并确认——而不是当初签署的那些人。名单要按当时的产权状况重新计算。

民法典 § 4250 — 英文原文

What a Declaration Must Contain
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)A declaration, recorded on or after January 1, 1986, shall contain a legal description of the common interest development, and a statement that the common interest development is a community apartment project, condominium project, planned development, stock cooperative, or combination thereof. The declaration shall additionally set forth the name of the association and the restrictions on the use or enjoyment of any portion of the common interest development that are intended to be enforceable equitable servitudes.
(b)The declaration may contain any other matters the declarant or the members consider appropriate.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4250.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4255 — 英文原文

Airport and Bay Conservation Notices in the Declaration
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)If a common interest development is located within an airport influence area, a declaration, recorded after January 1, 2004, shall contain the following statement: “NOTICE OF AIRPORT IN VICINITY This property is presently located in the vicinity of an airport, within what is known as an airport influence area. For that reason, the property may be subject to some of the annoyances or inconveniences associated with proximity to airport operations (for example: noise, vibration, or odors). Individual sensitivities to those annoyances can vary from person to person. You may wish to consider what airport annoyances, if any, are associated with the property before you complete your purchase and determine whether they are acceptable to you.”
(b)For purposes of this section, an “airport influence area,” also known as an “airport referral area,” is the area in which current or future airport-related noise, overflight, safety, or airspace protection factors may significantly affect land uses or necessitate restrictions on those uses as determined by an airport land use commission.
(c)If a common interest development is within the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission jurisdiction, as described in Section 66610 of the Government Code, a declaration recorded on or after January 1, 2006, shall contain the following notice: “NOTICE OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION JURISDICTION This property is located within the jurisdiction of the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission. Use and development of property within the commission’s jurisdiction may be subject to special regulations, restrictions, and permit requirements. You may wish to investigate and determine whether they are acceptable to you and your intended use of the property before you complete your transaction.”
(d)The statement in a declaration acknowledging that a property is located in an airport influence area or within the jurisdiction of the San Francisco Bay Conservation and Development Commission does not constitute a title defect, lien, or encumbrance.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4255.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4260 — 英文原文

A Declaration Silent on Amendment May Still Be Amended
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

Except to the extent that a declaration provides by its express terms that it is not amendable, in whole or in part, a declaration that fails to include provisions permitting its amendment at all times during its existence may be amended at any time.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4260.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4265 — 英文原文

Extending a Declaration That Has a Termination Date
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)The Legislature finds that there are common interest developments that have been created with deed restrictions that do not provide a means for the members to extend the term of the declaration. The Legislature further finds that covenants and restrictions contained in the declaration, are an appropriate method for protecting the common plan of developments and to provide for a mechanism for financial support for the upkeep of common area including, but not limited to, roofs, roads, heating systems, and recreational facilities. If declarations terminate prematurely, common interest developments may deteriorate and the housing supply of affordable units could be impacted adversely. The Legislature further finds and declares that it is in the public interest to provide a vehicle for extending the term of the declaration if the extension is approved by a majority of all members, pursuant to Section 4065.
(b)A declaration that specifies a termination date, but that contains no provision for extension of the termination date, may be extended, before its termination date, by the approval of members pursuant to Section 4270.
(c)No single extension of the terms of the declaration made pursuant to this section shall exceed the initial term of the declaration or 20 years, whichever is less. However, more than one extension may occur pursuant to this section.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4265.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4270 — 英文原文

Amending the Declaration — Approval, Certification, Recording
Amended by Stats. 2016, Ch. 714, Sec. 6. (SB 944) Effective January 1, 2017.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)A declaration may be amended pursuant to the declaration or this act. Except where an alternative process for approving, certifying, or recording an amendment is provided in Section 4225, 4230, 4235, or 4275, an amendment is effective after all of the following requirements have been met:
(a)(1)The amendment has been approved by the percentage of members required by the declaration and any other person whose approval is required by the declaration.
(a)(2)That fact has been certified in a writing executed and acknowledged by the officer designated in the declaration or by the association for that purpose, or if no one is designated, by the president of the association.
(a)(3)The amendment has been recorded in each county in which a portion of the common interest development is located.
(b)If the declaration does not specify the percentage of members who must approve an amendment of the declaration, an amendment may be approved by a majority of all members, pursuant to Section 4065.

本条的历史版本

通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版,其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号,因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题:民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举,适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文,而不是今天的条文。

  1. SB 9442017-01-01起生效

    Amended by Stats. 2016, Ch. 714, Sec. 6. (SB 944) Effective January 1, 2017.

    1处分项修改

    查看修改内容
    1. (a)A declaration may be amended pursuant to the declaration or this act. Except as where an alternative process for approving, certifying, or recording an amendment is provided in Section 4225, 4230, 4235, or 4275, an amendment is effective after all of the following requirements have been met:

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4270.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4275 — 英文原文

Petition to Reduce Percentage of Votes Required to Amend the Declaration
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.
由AB 2035修订,2027年1月1日起生效

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)If in order to amend a declaration, the declaration requires members having more than 50 percent of the votes in the association, in a single class voting structure, or members having more than 50 percent of the votes in more than one class in a voting structure with more than one class, to vote in favor of the amendment, the association, or any member, may petition the superior court of the county in which the common interest development is located for an order reducing the percentage of the affirmative votes necessary for such an amendment. The petition shall describe the effort that has been made to solicit approval of the association members in the manner provided in the declaration, the number of affirmative and negative votes actually received, the number or percentage of affirmative votes required to effect the amendment in accordance with the existing declaration, and other matters the petitioner considers relevant to the court’s determination. The petition shall also contain, as exhibits thereto, copies of all of the following:
(a)(1)The governing documents.
(a)(2)A complete text of the amendment.
(a)(3)Copies of any notice and solicitation materials utilized in the solicitation of member approvals.
(a)(4)A short explanation of the reason for the amendment.
(a)(5)Any other documentation relevant to the court’s determination.
(b)Upon filing the petition, the court shall set the matter for hearing and issue an ex parte order setting forth the manner in which notice shall be given.
(c)The court may, but shall not be required to, grant the petition if it finds all of the following:
(c)(1)The petitioner has given not less than 15 days written notice of the court hearing to all members of the association, to any mortgagee of a mortgage or beneficiary of a deed of trust who is entitled to notice under the terms of the declaration, and to the city, county, or city and county in which the common interest development is located that is entitled to notice under the terms of the declaration.
(c)(2)Balloting on the proposed amendment was conducted in accordance with the governing documents, this act, and any other applicable law.
(c)(3)A reasonably diligent effort was made to permit all eligible members to vote on the proposed amendment.
(c)(4)Members having more than 50 percent of the votes, in a single class voting structure, voted in favor of the amendment. In a voting structure with more than one class, where the declaration requires a majority of more than one class to vote in favor of the amendment, members having more than 50 percent of the votes of each class required by the declaration to vote in favor of the amendment voted in favor of the amendment.
(c)(5)The amendment is reasonable.
(c)(6)Granting the petition is not improper for any reason stated in subdivision (e).
(d)If the court makes the findings required by subdivision (c), any order issued pursuant to this section may confirm the amendment as being validly approved on the basis of the affirmative votes actually received during the balloting period or the order may dispense with any requirement relating to quorums or to the number or percentage of votes needed for approval of the amendment that would otherwise exist under the governing documents.
(e)Subdivisions (a) to (d), inclusive, notwithstanding, the court shall not be empowered by this section to approve any amendment to the declaration that:
(e)(1)Would change provisions in the declaration requiring the approval of members having more than 50 percent of the votes in more than one class to vote in favor of an amendment, unless members having more than 50 percent of the votes in each affected class approved the amendment.
(e)(2)Would eliminate any special rights, preferences, or privileges designated in the declaration as belonging to the declarant, without the consent of the declarant.
(e)(3)Would impair the security interest of a mortgagee of a mortgage or the beneficiary of a deed of trust without the approval of the percentage of the mortgagees and beneficiaries specified in the declaration, if the declaration requires the approval of a specified percentage of the mortgagees and beneficiaries.
(f)An amendment is not effective pursuant to this section until the court order and amendment have been recorded in every county in which a portion of the common interest development is located. The amendment may be acknowledged by, and the court order and amendment may be recorded by, any person designated in the declaration or by the association for that purpose, or if no one is designated for that purpose, by the president of the association. Upon recordation of the amendment and court order, the declaration, as amended in accordance with this section, shall have the same force and effect as if the amendment were adopted in compliance with every requirement imposed by the governing documents.
(g)Within a reasonable time after the amendment is recorded the association shall deliver to each member, by individual delivery, pursuant to Section 4040, a copy of the amendment, together with a statement that the amendment has been recorded.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4275.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4276 — 英文原文

Reinstating a Terminated Declaration — Los Angeles County, to 2028
Added by Stats. 2026, Ch. 124, Sec. 1. (AB 2692) Effective August 24, 2026. Repealed as of January 1, 2028, by its own provisions.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)Notwithstanding any other law, a declaration that has terminated by operation of the provisions that set forth the initial term of the declaration may be reinstated pursuant to this section if approved by the percentage of members required by the declaration for extending the term of the declaration. If the declaration does not specify the percentage of members who must approve the extension of the declaration, a declaration may be reinstated pursuant to this section if approved by a majority of all members.
(b)Balloting on reinstatement shall be conducted in accordance with the governing documents, this act, and any other applicable law. A reasonably diligent effort shall be made to permit all eligible members to vote.
(c)The reinstatement of the declaration is effective after all of the following requirements have been met:
(c)(1)The reinstatement of the declaration has been approved by the percentage of members specified in subdivision (a).
(c)(2)Approval by the members has been certified in a writing executed and acknowledged by the officer designated in the declaration by the association for that purpose or, if no one is designated, by the president of the association.
(c)(3)The declaration has been recorded in the county recorder’s office.
(d)The extension of the terms of the declaration made pursuant to this section shall be equal to the number of years of the initial term of the declaration or 20 years, whichever is less.
(e)Within a reasonable time after the reinstated declaration is recorded, the association shall deliver to each member, by individual delivery, pursuant to Section 4040, a copy of the reinstated declaration, together with a statement that the reinstated declaration has been recorded.
(f)This section shall be applicable only to the County of Los Angeles.
(g)This section shall remain in effect only until January 1, 2028, and as of that date is repealed.

本条的历史版本

通过比较加州立法顾问办公室每个立法会期发布一次的法典版本整理而成。最早的是2013至2014年版,其中《戴维斯-斯特林法》已采用现行编号,因此修改从其后的版本起记录。这不只是存档问题:民法典第5145条给予会员一年时间质疑选举,适用的是选举举行当日的现行条文,而不是今天的条文。

  1. AB 26922026-08-24起生效

    Added by Stats. 2026, Ch. 124, Sec. 1. (AB 2692) Effective August 24, 2026. Repealed as of January 1, 2028, by its own provisions.

    由该法案增订入法典。

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4276.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4285 — 英文原文

What a Condominium Plan Must Contain
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

A condominium plan shall contain all of the following:
(a)A description or survey map of a condominium project, which shall refer to or show monumentation on the ground.
(b)A three-dimensional description of a condominium project, one or more dimensions of which may extend for an indefinite distance upwards or downwards, in sufficient detail to identify the common area and each separate interest.
(c)A certificate consenting to the recordation of the condominium plan pursuant to this act that is signed and acknowledged as provided in Section 4290.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4285.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4290 — 英文原文

Who Must Sign the Certificate of Consent
Amended by Stats. 2013, Ch. 183, Sec. 12. (SB 745) Effective January 1, 2014.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

(a)The certificate consenting to the recordation of a condominium plan that is required by subdivision (c) of Section 4285 shall be signed and acknowledged by all of the following persons:
(a)(1)The record owner of fee title to that property included in the condominium project.
(a)(2)In the case of a condominium project that will terminate upon the termination of an estate for years, by all lessors and lessees of the estate for years.
(a)(3)In the case of a condominium project subject to a life estate, by all life tenants and remainder interests.
(a)(4)The trustee or the beneficiary of each recorded deed of trust, and the mortgagee of each recorded mortgage encumbering the property.
(b)Owners of mineral rights, easements, rights-of-way, and other nonpossessory interests do not need to sign the certificate.
(c)In the event a conversion to condominiums of a community apartment project or stock cooperative has been approved by the required number of owners, trustees, beneficiaries, and mortgagees pursuant to Section 66452.10 of the Government Code, the certificate need only be signed by those owners, trustees, beneficiaries, and mortgagees approving the conversion.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4290.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

民法典 § 4295 — 英文原文

Amending or Revoking a Condominium Plan
Added by Stats. 2012, Ch. 180, Sec. 2. (AB 805) Effective January 1, 2013. Operative January 1, 2014, by Sec. 3 of Ch. 180.

条文以英文呈现,因为法律以英文颁布,具有法律效力的是英文版本。本页的说明为中文;如与条文有出入,以条文为准。

A condominium plan may be amended or revoked by a recorded instrument that is acknowledged and signed by all the persons who, at the time of amendment or revocation, are persons whose signatures are required under Section 4290.

逐字转载自加州立法顾问办公室(Legislative Counsel)公布的条文,并与第二个来源逐字核对(leginfo (Legislative Counsel official bulk code database, LAW_SECTION_TBL) · California Public Law (Public.Law))。加州法律属于政府法令,不受版权保护。本页为非官方转载——官方版本由立法顾问办公室在leginfo.legislature.ca.gov公布,以该版本为准。
机器可读:/data/4295.json——同一条文,附分项锚点、日期和来源。

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